1 00:00:16,960 --> 00:00:19,590 we are t minus 30 seconds initiate 2 00:00:19,590 --> 00:00:19,600 we are t minus 30 seconds initiate 3 00:00:19,600 --> 00:00:21,150 we are t minus 30 seconds initiate systems check 4 00:00:21,150 --> 00:00:21,160 systems check 5 00:00:21,160 --> 00:00:23,109 systems check musculoskeletal system 6 00:00:23,109 --> 00:00:23,119 musculoskeletal system 7 00:00:23,119 --> 00:00:25,429 musculoskeletal system musculoskeletal system is go 8 00:00:25,429 --> 00:00:25,439 musculoskeletal system is go 9 00:00:25,439 --> 00:00:27,269 musculoskeletal system is go neural vestibular system 10 00:00:27,269 --> 00:00:27,279 neural vestibular system 11 00:00:27,279 --> 00:00:29,429 neural vestibular system neural vestibular system go 12 00:00:29,429 --> 00:00:29,439 neural vestibular system go 13 00:00:29,439 --> 00:00:31,269 neural vestibular system go cardiopulmonary system 14 00:00:31,269 --> 00:00:31,279 cardiopulmonary system 15 00:00:31,279 --> 00:00:33,750 cardiopulmonary system cardiopulmonary system go 16 00:00:33,750 --> 00:00:33,760 cardiopulmonary system go 17 00:00:33,760 --> 00:00:35,510 cardiopulmonary system go cardiovascular system 18 00:00:35,510 --> 00:00:35,520 cardiovascular system 19 00:00:35,520 --> 00:00:37,750 cardiovascular system cardiovascular system go 20 00:00:37,750 --> 00:00:37,760 cardiovascular system go 21 00:00:37,760 --> 00:00:42,310 cardiovascular system go all systems are go we are t minus 10 22 00:00:42,310 --> 00:00:42,320 all systems are go we are t minus 10 23 00:00:42,320 --> 00:00:43,510 all systems are go we are t minus 10 9 24 00:00:43,510 --> 00:00:43,520 9 25 00:00:43,520 --> 00:00:44,630 9 eight 26 00:00:44,630 --> 00:00:44,640 eight 27 00:00:44,640 --> 00:00:45,750 eight seven 28 00:00:45,750 --> 00:00:45,760 seven 29 00:00:45,760 --> 00:00:46,790 seven six 30 00:00:46,790 --> 00:00:46,800 six 31 00:00:46,800 --> 00:00:47,910 six five 32 00:00:47,910 --> 00:00:47,920 five 33 00:00:47,920 --> 00:00:49,029 five four 34 00:00:49,029 --> 00:00:49,039 four 35 00:00:49,039 --> 00:00:50,069 four three 36 00:00:50,069 --> 00:00:50,079 three 37 00:00:50,079 --> 00:00:51,110 three two 38 00:00:51,110 --> 00:00:51,120 two 39 00:00:51,120 --> 00:00:51,990 two one 40 00:00:51,990 --> 00:00:52,000 one 41 00:00:52,000 --> 00:01:08,710 one we have liftoff we have liftoff 42 00:01:08,710 --> 00:01:08,720 43 00:01:08,720 --> 00:01:11,030 liftoff of the space shuttle and it has 44 00:01:11,030 --> 00:01:11,040 liftoff of the space shuttle and it has 45 00:01:11,040 --> 00:01:46,789 liftoff of the space shuttle and it has cleared the town 46 00:01:46,789 --> 00:01:46,799 47 00:01:46,799 --> 00:01:48,630 hi welcome aboard the space shuttle 48 00:01:48,630 --> 00:01:48,640 hi welcome aboard the space shuttle 49 00:01:48,640 --> 00:01:51,670 hi welcome aboard the space shuttle columbia and space lab life sciences 1. 50 00:01:51,670 --> 00:01:51,680 columbia and space lab life sciences 1. 51 00:01:51,680 --> 00:01:53,510 columbia and space lab life sciences 1. after 10 years of flying space shuttle 52 00:01:53,510 --> 00:01:53,520 after 10 years of flying space shuttle 53 00:01:53,520 --> 00:01:55,270 after 10 years of flying space shuttle missions we're becoming accustomed to 54 00:01:55,270 --> 00:01:55,280 missions we're becoming accustomed to 55 00:01:55,280 --> 00:01:56,870 missions we're becoming accustomed to the strange things that can happen in 56 00:01:56,870 --> 00:01:56,880 the strange things that can happen in 57 00:01:56,880 --> 00:02:00,950 the strange things that can happen in space but it hasn't always been that way 58 00:02:00,950 --> 00:02:00,960 space but it hasn't always been that way 59 00:02:00,960 --> 00:02:02,950 space but it hasn't always been that way when we first went into space no one 60 00:02:02,950 --> 00:02:02,960 when we first went into space no one 61 00:02:02,960 --> 00:02:04,709 when we first went into space no one knew how the human body would react to 62 00:02:04,709 --> 00:02:04,719 knew how the human body would react to 63 00:02:04,719 --> 00:02:06,389 knew how the human body would react to space flight 64 00:02:06,389 --> 00:02:06,399 space flight 65 00:02:06,399 --> 00:02:07,990 space flight we wondered if we could survive in 66 00:02:07,990 --> 00:02:08,000 we wondered if we could survive in 67 00:02:08,000 --> 00:02:13,110 we wondered if we could survive in weightlessness 68 00:02:13,110 --> 00:02:13,120 69 00:02:13,120 --> 00:02:14,630 and we wondered if we could work in 70 00:02:14,630 --> 00:02:14,640 and we wondered if we could work in 71 00:02:14,640 --> 00:02:17,030 and we wondered if we could work in space okay i'm out 72 00:02:17,030 --> 00:02:17,040 space okay i'm out 73 00:02:17,040 --> 00:02:19,350 space okay i'm out okay 74 00:02:19,350 --> 00:02:19,360 75 00:02:19,360 --> 00:02:21,190 thirty years later we know that the 76 00:02:21,190 --> 00:02:21,200 thirty years later we know that the 77 00:02:21,200 --> 00:02:24,470 thirty years later we know that the answer to both of these questions is yes 78 00:02:24,470 --> 00:02:24,480 answer to both of these questions is yes 79 00:02:24,480 --> 00:02:27,030 answer to both of these questions is yes but in spite of our successes in space 80 00:02:27,030 --> 00:02:27,040 but in spite of our successes in space 81 00:02:27,040 --> 00:02:28,869 but in spite of our successes in space many questions about the effects of 82 00:02:28,869 --> 00:02:28,879 many questions about the effects of 83 00:02:28,879 --> 00:02:30,949 many questions about the effects of space flight on the human body remain 84 00:02:30,949 --> 00:02:30,959 space flight on the human body remain 85 00:02:30,959 --> 00:02:33,190 space flight on the human body remain unanswered 86 00:02:33,190 --> 00:02:33,200 unanswered 87 00:02:33,200 --> 00:02:34,949 unanswered during the flight of space lab life 88 00:02:34,949 --> 00:02:34,959 during the flight of space lab life 89 00:02:34,959 --> 00:02:37,350 during the flight of space lab life sciences 1 my colleagues and i will try 90 00:02:37,350 --> 00:02:37,360 sciences 1 my colleagues and i will try 91 00:02:37,360 --> 00:02:40,390 sciences 1 my colleagues and i will try to answer some of these questions 92 00:02:40,390 --> 00:02:40,400 to answer some of these questions 93 00:02:40,400 --> 00:02:43,509 to answer some of these questions the human body is much like the shuttle 94 00:02:43,509 --> 00:02:43,519 the human body is much like the shuttle 95 00:02:43,519 --> 00:02:46,309 the human body is much like the shuttle it is a very complex sophisticated piece 96 00:02:46,309 --> 00:02:46,319 it is a very complex sophisticated piece 97 00:02:46,319 --> 00:02:48,710 it is a very complex sophisticated piece of living machinery that relies on 98 00:02:48,710 --> 00:02:48,720 of living machinery that relies on 99 00:02:48,720 --> 00:02:50,790 of living machinery that relies on several subsystems to perform its 100 00:02:50,790 --> 00:02:50,800 several subsystems to perform its 101 00:02:50,800 --> 00:02:51,910 several subsystems to perform its mission 102 00:02:51,910 --> 00:02:51,920 mission 103 00:02:51,920 --> 00:02:53,750 mission where the shuttle has a propulsion 104 00:02:53,750 --> 00:02:53,760 where the shuttle has a propulsion 105 00:02:53,760 --> 00:02:57,030 where the shuttle has a propulsion system a life support system a guidance 106 00:02:57,030 --> 00:02:57,040 system a life support system a guidance 107 00:02:57,040 --> 00:03:00,229 system a life support system a guidance system and so on our bodies have systems 108 00:03:00,229 --> 00:03:00,239 system and so on our bodies have systems 109 00:03:00,239 --> 00:03:04,070 system and so on our bodies have systems like the cardiovascular system 110 00:03:04,070 --> 00:03:04,080 like the cardiovascular system 111 00:03:04,080 --> 00:03:07,750 like the cardiovascular system the cardiopulmonary system 112 00:03:07,750 --> 00:03:07,760 the cardiopulmonary system 113 00:03:07,760 --> 00:03:11,750 the cardiopulmonary system the renal endocrine system 114 00:03:11,750 --> 00:03:11,760 115 00:03:11,760 --> 00:03:15,350 the blood and immune systems 116 00:03:15,350 --> 00:03:15,360 the blood and immune systems 117 00:03:15,360 --> 00:03:18,869 the blood and immune systems the musculoskeletal system 118 00:03:18,869 --> 00:03:18,879 the musculoskeletal system 119 00:03:18,879 --> 00:03:23,910 the musculoskeletal system and the neurovestibular system 120 00:03:23,910 --> 00:03:23,920 121 00:03:23,920 --> 00:03:25,990 the shuttle systems communicate with 122 00:03:25,990 --> 00:03:26,000 the shuttle systems communicate with 123 00:03:26,000 --> 00:03:28,309 the shuttle systems communicate with each other to keep the spacecraft flying 124 00:03:28,309 --> 00:03:28,319 each other to keep the spacecraft flying 125 00:03:28,319 --> 00:03:30,149 each other to keep the spacecraft flying smoothly 126 00:03:30,149 --> 00:03:30,159 smoothly 127 00:03:30,159 --> 00:03:32,869 smoothly in a similar way our body systems also 128 00:03:32,869 --> 00:03:32,879 in a similar way our body systems also 129 00:03:32,879 --> 00:03:35,190 in a similar way our body systems also talk to each other to maintain what is 130 00:03:35,190 --> 00:03:35,200 talk to each other to maintain what is 131 00:03:35,200 --> 00:03:37,190 talk to each other to maintain what is called homeostasis 132 00:03:37,190 --> 00:03:37,200 called homeostasis 133 00:03:37,200 --> 00:03:40,390 called homeostasis or a stable internal environment 134 00:03:40,390 --> 00:03:40,400 or a stable internal environment 135 00:03:40,400 --> 00:03:42,550 or a stable internal environment all of our body systems are affected to 136 00:03:42,550 --> 00:03:42,560 all of our body systems are affected to 137 00:03:42,560 --> 00:03:45,110 all of our body systems are affected to some degree by space flight 138 00:03:45,110 --> 00:03:45,120 some degree by space flight 139 00:03:45,120 --> 00:03:47,270 some degree by space flight the most dramatic change occurs 140 00:03:47,270 --> 00:03:47,280 the most dramatic change occurs 141 00:03:47,280 --> 00:03:50,470 the most dramatic change occurs immediately after we become weightless 142 00:03:50,470 --> 00:03:50,480 immediately after we become weightless 143 00:03:50,480 --> 00:03:53,270 immediately after we become weightless on earth the pull of gravity normally 144 00:03:53,270 --> 00:03:53,280 on earth the pull of gravity normally 145 00:03:53,280 --> 00:03:56,470 on earth the pull of gravity normally pulls our body fluids in our feet legs 146 00:03:56,470 --> 00:03:56,480 pulls our body fluids in our feet legs 147 00:03:56,480 --> 00:03:58,949 pulls our body fluids in our feet legs and abdomen 148 00:03:58,949 --> 00:03:58,959 and abdomen 149 00:03:58,959 --> 00:04:00,949 and abdomen but when we enter space and become 150 00:04:00,949 --> 00:04:00,959 but when we enter space and become 151 00:04:00,959 --> 00:04:03,429 but when we enter space and become weightless the fluid in our bodies is no 152 00:04:03,429 --> 00:04:03,439 weightless the fluid in our bodies is no 153 00:04:03,439 --> 00:04:05,990 weightless the fluid in our bodies is no longer pulled down toward our feet 154 00:04:05,990 --> 00:04:06,000 longer pulled down toward our feet 155 00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:08,869 longer pulled down toward our feet instead it shifts up to our chest and 156 00:04:08,869 --> 00:04:08,879 instead it shifts up to our chest and 157 00:04:08,879 --> 00:04:10,470 instead it shifts up to our chest and head 158 00:04:10,470 --> 00:04:10,480 head 159 00:04:10,480 --> 00:04:13,429 head since 80 percent of our body is fluid 160 00:04:13,429 --> 00:04:13,439 since 80 percent of our body is fluid 161 00:04:13,439 --> 00:04:15,750 since 80 percent of our body is fluid that changes the way we look 162 00:04:15,750 --> 00:04:15,760 that changes the way we look 163 00:04:15,760 --> 00:04:17,909 that changes the way we look our faces get puffy 164 00:04:17,909 --> 00:04:17,919 our faces get puffy 165 00:04:17,919 --> 00:04:20,069 our faces get puffy and our legs get skinny 166 00:04:20,069 --> 00:04:20,079 and our legs get skinny 167 00:04:20,079 --> 00:04:24,070 and our legs get skinny we call this the bird legs of space 168 00:04:24,070 --> 00:04:24,080 we call this the bird legs of space 169 00:04:24,080 --> 00:04:26,550 we call this the bird legs of space after we're up here for a while we adapt 170 00:04:26,550 --> 00:04:26,560 after we're up here for a while we adapt 171 00:04:26,560 --> 00:04:28,550 after we're up here for a while we adapt somewhat to the fluid shift 172 00:04:28,550 --> 00:04:28,560 somewhat to the fluid shift 173 00:04:28,560 --> 00:04:30,629 somewhat to the fluid shift but our bodies remain in this altered 174 00:04:30,629 --> 00:04:30,639 but our bodies remain in this altered 175 00:04:30,639 --> 00:04:34,870 but our bodies remain in this altered state until we're back on earth 176 00:04:34,870 --> 00:04:34,880 177 00:04:34,880 --> 00:04:36,629 the weightlessness affects our bodies in 178 00:04:36,629 --> 00:04:36,639 the weightlessness affects our bodies in 179 00:04:36,639 --> 00:04:39,189 the weightlessness affects our bodies in another way too it's called space motion 180 00:04:39,189 --> 00:04:39,199 another way too it's called space motion 181 00:04:39,199 --> 00:04:41,909 another way too it's called space motion sickness it's much like being seasick on 182 00:04:41,909 --> 00:04:41,919 sickness it's much like being seasick on 183 00:04:41,919 --> 00:04:43,030 sickness it's much like being seasick on earth 184 00:04:43,030 --> 00:04:43,040 earth 185 00:04:43,040 --> 00:04:45,270 earth but luckily our bodies adapt to this new 186 00:04:45,270 --> 00:04:45,280 but luckily our bodies adapt to this new 187 00:04:45,280 --> 00:04:47,110 but luckily our bodies adapt to this new environment and so it isn't really a 188 00:04:47,110 --> 00:04:47,120 environment and so it isn't really a 189 00:04:47,120 --> 00:04:50,790 environment and so it isn't really a problem after the first couple of days 190 00:04:50,790 --> 00:04:50,800 problem after the first couple of days 191 00:04:50,800 --> 00:04:52,629 problem after the first couple of days the fluid shift and space motion 192 00:04:52,629 --> 00:04:52,639 the fluid shift and space motion 193 00:04:52,639 --> 00:04:55,189 the fluid shift and space motion sickness are easily recognizable changes 194 00:04:55,189 --> 00:04:55,199 sickness are easily recognizable changes 195 00:04:55,199 --> 00:04:57,350 sickness are easily recognizable changes that take place in weightlessness but 196 00:04:57,350 --> 00:04:57,360 that take place in weightlessness but 197 00:04:57,360 --> 00:04:59,830 that take place in weightlessness but less obvious changes also occur 198 00:04:59,830 --> 00:04:59,840 less obvious changes also occur 199 00:04:59,840 --> 00:05:03,350 less obvious changes also occur right down to individual cells 200 00:05:03,350 --> 00:05:03,360 right down to individual cells 201 00:05:03,360 --> 00:05:05,990 right down to individual cells during the flight of sts-40 space lab 202 00:05:05,990 --> 00:05:06,000 during the flight of sts-40 space lab 203 00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:08,629 during the flight of sts-40 space lab life sciences 1 my fellow crew members 204 00:05:08,629 --> 00:05:08,639 life sciences 1 my fellow crew members 205 00:05:08,639 --> 00:05:10,550 life sciences 1 my fellow crew members and i will introduce you to the six 206 00:05:10,550 --> 00:05:10,560 and i will introduce you to the six 207 00:05:10,560 --> 00:05:12,469 and i will introduce you to the six major body systems 208 00:05:12,469 --> 00:05:12,479 major body systems 209 00:05:12,479 --> 00:05:15,350 major body systems we'll learn how they function on earth 210 00:05:15,350 --> 00:05:15,360 we'll learn how they function on earth 211 00:05:15,360 --> 00:05:32,790 we'll learn how they function on earth and how space flight may affect them 212 00:05:32,790 --> 00:05:32,800 213 00:05:32,800 --> 00:05:34,870 our cardiovascular system is a network 214 00:05:34,870 --> 00:05:34,880 our cardiovascular system is a network 215 00:05:34,880 --> 00:05:37,350 our cardiovascular system is a network of over 96 000 kilometers of blood 216 00:05:37,350 --> 00:05:37,360 of over 96 000 kilometers of blood 217 00:05:37,360 --> 00:05:39,510 of over 96 000 kilometers of blood vessels enough to go more than twice 218 00:05:39,510 --> 00:05:39,520 vessels enough to go more than twice 219 00:05:39,520 --> 00:05:41,749 vessels enough to go more than twice around the earth 220 00:05:41,749 --> 00:05:41,759 around the earth 221 00:05:41,759 --> 00:05:43,670 around the earth these blood vessels include arteries 222 00:05:43,670 --> 00:05:43,680 these blood vessels include arteries 223 00:05:43,680 --> 00:05:45,909 these blood vessels include arteries which carry freshly oxygenated blood to 224 00:05:45,909 --> 00:05:45,919 which carry freshly oxygenated blood to 225 00:05:45,919 --> 00:05:47,990 which carry freshly oxygenated blood to all the tissues in our bodies and other 226 00:05:47,990 --> 00:05:48,000 all the tissues in our bodies and other 227 00:05:48,000 --> 00:05:50,310 all the tissues in our bodies and other vessels called veins which bring back 228 00:05:50,310 --> 00:05:50,320 vessels called veins which bring back 229 00:05:50,320 --> 00:05:52,629 vessels called veins which bring back waste-laden blood so the process can be 230 00:05:52,629 --> 00:05:52,639 waste-laden blood so the process can be 231 00:05:52,639 --> 00:05:53,990 waste-laden blood so the process can be repeated 232 00:05:53,990 --> 00:05:54,000 repeated 233 00:05:54,000 --> 00:05:56,070 repeated the driving force of the cardiovascular 234 00:05:56,070 --> 00:05:56,080 the driving force of the cardiovascular 235 00:05:56,080 --> 00:05:57,990 the driving force of the cardiovascular system is the heart 236 00:05:57,990 --> 00:05:58,000 system is the heart 237 00:05:58,000 --> 00:05:59,830 system is the heart it's a pump that forces blood through 238 00:05:59,830 --> 00:05:59,840 it's a pump that forces blood through 239 00:05:59,840 --> 00:06:02,070 it's a pump that forces blood through the arteries and the veins 240 00:06:02,070 --> 00:06:02,080 the arteries and the veins 241 00:06:02,080 --> 00:06:04,870 the arteries and the veins our heart pumps or beats about 60 times 242 00:06:04,870 --> 00:06:04,880 our heart pumps or beats about 60 times 243 00:06:04,880 --> 00:06:08,070 our heart pumps or beats about 60 times a minute every minute of our lives 244 00:06:08,070 --> 00:06:08,080 a minute every minute of our lives 245 00:06:08,080 --> 00:06:10,390 a minute every minute of our lives if you live to be 70 years old your 246 00:06:10,390 --> 00:06:10,400 if you live to be 70 years old your 247 00:06:10,400 --> 00:06:12,710 if you live to be 70 years old your heart will pump more than 2 billion 248 00:06:12,710 --> 00:06:12,720 heart will pump more than 2 billion 249 00:06:12,720 --> 00:06:14,309 heart will pump more than 2 billion times 250 00:06:14,309 --> 00:06:14,319 times 251 00:06:14,319 --> 00:06:16,309 times our cardiovascular system works well in 252 00:06:16,309 --> 00:06:16,319 our cardiovascular system works well in 253 00:06:16,319 --> 00:06:17,270 our cardiovascular system works well in gravity 254 00:06:17,270 --> 00:06:17,280 gravity 255 00:06:17,280 --> 00:06:19,270 gravity whether we're lying or standing we 256 00:06:19,270 --> 00:06:19,280 whether we're lying or standing we 257 00:06:19,280 --> 00:06:21,189 whether we're lying or standing we always have an adequate supply of blood 258 00:06:21,189 --> 00:06:21,199 always have an adequate supply of blood 259 00:06:21,199 --> 00:06:23,990 always have an adequate supply of blood for vital organs like the brain 260 00:06:23,990 --> 00:06:24,000 for vital organs like the brain 261 00:06:24,000 --> 00:06:25,990 for vital organs like the brain but when we go into space and take our 262 00:06:25,990 --> 00:06:26,000 but when we go into space and take our 263 00:06:26,000 --> 00:06:28,150 but when we go into space and take our hearts out of their normal environment 264 00:06:28,150 --> 00:06:28,160 hearts out of their normal environment 265 00:06:28,160 --> 00:06:31,830 hearts out of their normal environment some strange things happen 266 00:06:31,830 --> 00:06:31,840 267 00:06:31,840 --> 00:06:33,990 the upward shift of fluid in our bodies 268 00:06:33,990 --> 00:06:34,000 the upward shift of fluid in our bodies 269 00:06:34,000 --> 00:06:35,749 the upward shift of fluid in our bodies tricks the heart and its sensors into 270 00:06:35,749 --> 00:06:35,759 tricks the heart and its sensors into 271 00:06:35,759 --> 00:06:37,110 tricks the heart and its sensors into believing that there's an increased 272 00:06:37,110 --> 00:06:37,120 believing that there's an increased 273 00:06:37,120 --> 00:06:38,710 believing that there's an increased blood supply 274 00:06:38,710 --> 00:06:38,720 blood supply 275 00:06:38,720 --> 00:06:41,189 blood supply so our heart tries to compensate 276 00:06:41,189 --> 00:06:41,199 so our heart tries to compensate 277 00:06:41,199 --> 00:06:42,950 so our heart tries to compensate first the muscle structure of our heart 278 00:06:42,950 --> 00:06:42,960 first the muscle structure of our heart 279 00:06:42,960 --> 00:06:45,830 first the muscle structure of our heart stretches so that it can hold more blood 280 00:06:45,830 --> 00:06:45,840 stretches so that it can hold more blood 281 00:06:45,840 --> 00:06:47,990 stretches so that it can hold more blood when this happens other body systems 282 00:06:47,990 --> 00:06:48,000 when this happens other body systems 283 00:06:48,000 --> 00:06:49,749 when this happens other body systems tell our kidneys to eliminate what 284 00:06:49,749 --> 00:06:49,759 tell our kidneys to eliminate what 285 00:06:49,759 --> 00:06:53,110 tell our kidneys to eliminate what appears to be excess fluid 286 00:06:53,110 --> 00:06:53,120 appears to be excess fluid 287 00:06:53,120 --> 00:06:55,350 appears to be excess fluid as the fluid level is reduced we believe 288 00:06:55,350 --> 00:06:55,360 as the fluid level is reduced we believe 289 00:06:55,360 --> 00:06:56,710 as the fluid level is reduced we believe our bone marrow shuts down its 290 00:06:56,710 --> 00:06:56,720 our bone marrow shuts down its 291 00:06:56,720 --> 00:06:58,870 our bone marrow shuts down its production of red blood cells in order 292 00:06:58,870 --> 00:06:58,880 production of red blood cells in order 293 00:06:58,880 --> 00:07:01,430 production of red blood cells in order to keep our blood from getting too thick 294 00:07:01,430 --> 00:07:01,440 to keep our blood from getting too thick 295 00:07:01,440 --> 00:07:03,189 to keep our blood from getting too thick pretty soon the amount of blood in the 296 00:07:03,189 --> 00:07:03,199 pretty soon the amount of blood in the 297 00:07:03,199 --> 00:07:05,350 pretty soon the amount of blood in the red cells in our body is less than we 298 00:07:05,350 --> 00:07:05,360 red cells in our body is less than we 299 00:07:05,360 --> 00:07:06,870 red cells in our body is less than we have on earth 300 00:07:06,870 --> 00:07:06,880 have on earth 301 00:07:06,880 --> 00:07:08,790 have on earth with less blood to pump our heart 302 00:07:08,790 --> 00:07:08,800 with less blood to pump our heart 303 00:07:08,800 --> 00:07:10,230 with less blood to pump our heart shrinks 304 00:07:10,230 --> 00:07:10,240 shrinks 305 00:07:10,240 --> 00:07:12,150 shrinks back to about the same size it is on 306 00:07:12,150 --> 00:07:12,160 back to about the same size it is on 307 00:07:12,160 --> 00:07:12,950 back to about the same size it is on earth 308 00:07:12,950 --> 00:07:12,960 earth 309 00:07:12,960 --> 00:07:15,029 earth but when we return to earth from space 310 00:07:15,029 --> 00:07:15,039 but when we return to earth from space 311 00:07:15,039 --> 00:07:17,270 but when we return to earth from space gravity again pulls much of our blood 312 00:07:17,270 --> 00:07:17,280 gravity again pulls much of our blood 313 00:07:17,280 --> 00:07:19,430 gravity again pulls much of our blood back to our legs 314 00:07:19,430 --> 00:07:19,440 back to our legs 315 00:07:19,440 --> 00:07:20,950 back to our legs now there's not enough blood to go 316 00:07:20,950 --> 00:07:20,960 now there's not enough blood to go 317 00:07:20,960 --> 00:07:22,469 now there's not enough blood to go around and some of us will get 318 00:07:22,469 --> 00:07:22,479 around and some of us will get 319 00:07:22,479 --> 00:07:24,790 around and some of us will get light-headed and dizzy for a short time 320 00:07:24,790 --> 00:07:24,800 light-headed and dizzy for a short time 321 00:07:24,800 --> 00:07:26,790 light-headed and dizzy for a short time until our bodies get more fluids and 322 00:07:26,790 --> 00:07:26,800 until our bodies get more fluids and 323 00:07:26,800 --> 00:07:29,670 until our bodies get more fluids and manufacture more blood 324 00:07:29,670 --> 00:07:29,680 manufacture more blood 325 00:07:29,680 --> 00:07:31,510 manufacture more blood spite of this there's no indication that 326 00:07:31,510 --> 00:07:31,520 spite of this there's no indication that 327 00:07:31,520 --> 00:07:33,430 spite of this there's no indication that space flight causes any permanent 328 00:07:33,430 --> 00:07:33,440 space flight causes any permanent 329 00:07:33,440 --> 00:07:35,830 space flight causes any permanent problems for our cardiovascular system 330 00:07:35,830 --> 00:07:35,840 problems for our cardiovascular system 331 00:07:35,840 --> 00:07:37,350 problems for our cardiovascular system but during this flight we're going to 332 00:07:37,350 --> 00:07:37,360 but during this flight we're going to 333 00:07:37,360 --> 00:07:40,550 but during this flight we're going to investigate this matter more closely 334 00:07:40,550 --> 00:07:40,560 investigate this matter more closely 335 00:07:40,560 --> 00:07:42,950 investigate this matter more closely before we departed earth i had a long 336 00:07:42,950 --> 00:07:42,960 before we departed earth i had a long 337 00:07:42,960 --> 00:07:45,189 before we departed earth i had a long plastic tube inserted into a vein in my 338 00:07:45,189 --> 00:07:45,199 plastic tube inserted into a vein in my 339 00:07:45,199 --> 00:07:46,230 plastic tube inserted into a vein in my arm 340 00:07:46,230 --> 00:07:46,240 arm 341 00:07:46,240 --> 00:07:48,629 arm this tube is called a catheter 342 00:07:48,629 --> 00:07:48,639 this tube is called a catheter 343 00:07:48,639 --> 00:07:50,870 this tube is called a catheter the tube was advanced in a vein to a 344 00:07:50,870 --> 00:07:50,880 the tube was advanced in a vein to a 345 00:07:50,880 --> 00:07:53,350 the tube was advanced in a vein to a point just above my heart 346 00:07:53,350 --> 00:07:53,360 point just above my heart 347 00:07:53,360 --> 00:07:55,350 point just above my heart during the first few hours of flight 348 00:07:55,350 --> 00:07:55,360 during the first few hours of flight 349 00:07:55,360 --> 00:07:57,589 during the first few hours of flight when the fluid shifts occur we're able 350 00:07:57,589 --> 00:07:57,599 when the fluid shifts occur we're able 351 00:07:57,599 --> 00:07:59,670 when the fluid shifts occur we're able to measure the central venous pressure 352 00:07:59,670 --> 00:07:59,680 to measure the central venous pressure 353 00:07:59,680 --> 00:08:01,670 to measure the central venous pressure near my heart 354 00:08:01,670 --> 00:08:01,680 near my heart 355 00:08:01,680 --> 00:08:03,749 near my heart central venous pressure is directly 356 00:08:03,749 --> 00:08:03,759 central venous pressure is directly 357 00:08:03,759 --> 00:08:05,670 central venous pressure is directly related to the volume of blood our heart 358 00:08:05,670 --> 00:08:05,680 related to the volume of blood our heart 359 00:08:05,680 --> 00:08:06,629 related to the volume of blood our heart pumps 360 00:08:06,629 --> 00:08:06,639 pumps 361 00:08:06,639 --> 00:08:08,390 pumps once we get back to earth we'll do the 362 00:08:08,390 --> 00:08:08,400 once we get back to earth we'll do the 363 00:08:08,400 --> 00:08:10,309 once we get back to earth we'll do the same experiment see if the central 364 00:08:10,309 --> 00:08:10,319 same experiment see if the central 365 00:08:10,319 --> 00:08:14,309 same experiment see if the central venous pressure measurements differ 366 00:08:14,309 --> 00:08:14,319 367 00:08:14,319 --> 00:08:16,309 if our suspicions are correct we'll 368 00:08:16,309 --> 00:08:16,319 if our suspicions are correct we'll 369 00:08:16,319 --> 00:08:18,070 if our suspicions are correct we'll demonstrate that the fluid shift caused 370 00:08:18,070 --> 00:08:18,080 demonstrate that the fluid shift caused 371 00:08:18,080 --> 00:08:21,110 demonstrate that the fluid shift caused by weightlessness increases activity and 372 00:08:21,110 --> 00:08:21,120 by weightlessness increases activity and 373 00:08:21,120 --> 00:08:23,029 by weightlessness increases activity and changes the control mechanisms of the 374 00:08:23,029 --> 00:08:23,039 changes the control mechanisms of the 375 00:08:23,039 --> 00:08:24,869 changes the control mechanisms of the heart and circulation 376 00:08:24,869 --> 00:08:24,879 heart and circulation 377 00:08:24,879 --> 00:08:26,790 heart and circulation information like this will help us to 378 00:08:26,790 --> 00:08:26,800 information like this will help us to 379 00:08:26,800 --> 00:08:29,029 information like this will help us to better understand the changes we go when 380 00:08:29,029 --> 00:08:29,039 better understand the changes we go when 381 00:08:29,039 --> 00:08:30,950 better understand the changes we go when we first enter weightlessness and it 382 00:08:30,950 --> 00:08:30,960 we first enter weightlessness and it 383 00:08:30,960 --> 00:08:33,110 we first enter weightlessness and it will give us insight into the possible 384 00:08:33,110 --> 00:08:33,120 will give us insight into the possible 385 00:08:33,120 --> 00:08:35,509 will give us insight into the possible effects of long-term weightlessness 386 00:08:35,509 --> 00:08:35,519 effects of long-term weightlessness 387 00:08:35,519 --> 00:08:37,269 effects of long-term weightlessness as well as diseases of earthbound 388 00:08:37,269 --> 00:08:37,279 as well as diseases of earthbound 389 00:08:37,279 --> 00:08:51,030 as well as diseases of earthbound patients 390 00:08:51,030 --> 00:08:51,040 391 00:08:51,040 --> 00:08:53,110 the cardiovascular system works closely 392 00:08:53,110 --> 00:08:53,120 the cardiovascular system works closely 393 00:08:53,120 --> 00:08:54,750 the cardiovascular system works closely with another body system called the 394 00:08:54,750 --> 00:08:54,760 with another body system called the 395 00:08:54,760 --> 00:08:57,430 with another body system called the cardiopulmonary system 396 00:08:57,430 --> 00:08:57,440 cardiopulmonary system 397 00:08:57,440 --> 00:08:59,509 cardiopulmonary system cardio refers to the heart and pulmonary 398 00:08:59,509 --> 00:08:59,519 cardio refers to the heart and pulmonary 399 00:08:59,519 --> 00:09:01,509 cardio refers to the heart and pulmonary refers to the lungs 400 00:09:01,509 --> 00:09:01,519 refers to the lungs 401 00:09:01,519 --> 00:09:03,190 refers to the lungs this lung heart connection is right in 402 00:09:03,190 --> 00:09:03,200 this lung heart connection is right in 403 00:09:03,200 --> 00:09:05,509 this lung heart connection is right in the middle of the cardiovascular system 404 00:09:05,509 --> 00:09:05,519 the middle of the cardiovascular system 405 00:09:05,519 --> 00:09:08,550 the middle of the cardiovascular system but not literally here's what i mean 406 00:09:08,550 --> 00:09:08,560 but not literally here's what i mean 407 00:09:08,560 --> 00:09:09,750 but not literally here's what i mean the heart pumps blood through our 408 00:09:09,750 --> 00:09:09,760 the heart pumps blood through our 409 00:09:09,760 --> 00:09:11,910 the heart pumps blood through our arteries and veins the blood in turn has 410 00:09:11,910 --> 00:09:11,920 arteries and veins the blood in turn has 411 00:09:11,920 --> 00:09:14,150 arteries and veins the blood in turn has an equally important job 412 00:09:14,150 --> 00:09:14,160 an equally important job 413 00:09:14,160 --> 00:09:15,509 an equally important job when the blood is on its way to our 414 00:09:15,509 --> 00:09:15,519 when the blood is on its way to our 415 00:09:15,519 --> 00:09:17,190 when the blood is on its way to our tissue and organs it is said to be 416 00:09:17,190 --> 00:09:17,200 tissue and organs it is said to be 417 00:09:17,200 --> 00:09:19,910 tissue and organs it is said to be oxygenated meaning that it is carrying 418 00:09:19,910 --> 00:09:19,920 oxygenated meaning that it is carrying 419 00:09:19,920 --> 00:09:23,269 oxygenated meaning that it is carrying oxygen to all of the cells in our bodies 420 00:09:23,269 --> 00:09:23,279 oxygen to all of the cells in our bodies 421 00:09:23,279 --> 00:09:25,350 oxygen to all of the cells in our bodies when blood is returning from the cells 422 00:09:25,350 --> 00:09:25,360 when blood is returning from the cells 423 00:09:25,360 --> 00:09:27,590 when blood is returning from the cells it is oxygen depleted 424 00:09:27,590 --> 00:09:27,600 it is oxygen depleted 425 00:09:27,600 --> 00:09:29,590 it is oxygen depleted meaning that the oxygen has been used up 426 00:09:29,590 --> 00:09:29,600 meaning that the oxygen has been used up 427 00:09:29,600 --> 00:09:33,190 meaning that the oxygen has been used up and in its place is carbon dioxide 428 00:09:33,190 --> 00:09:33,200 and in its place is carbon dioxide 429 00:09:33,200 --> 00:09:34,389 and in its place is carbon dioxide looking at a diagram of the 430 00:09:34,389 --> 00:09:34,399 looking at a diagram of the 431 00:09:34,399 --> 00:09:36,310 looking at a diagram of the cardiovascular system we see that it's a 432 00:09:36,310 --> 00:09:36,320 cardiovascular system we see that it's a 433 00:09:36,320 --> 00:09:37,990 cardiovascular system we see that it's a closed system 434 00:09:37,990 --> 00:09:38,000 closed system 435 00:09:38,000 --> 00:09:39,670 closed system if this is true then how does the blood 436 00:09:39,670 --> 00:09:39,680 if this is true then how does the blood 437 00:09:39,680 --> 00:09:41,509 if this is true then how does the blood get a fresh supply of oxygen to carry 438 00:09:41,509 --> 00:09:41,519 get a fresh supply of oxygen to carry 439 00:09:41,519 --> 00:09:43,190 get a fresh supply of oxygen to carry back to the cells 440 00:09:43,190 --> 00:09:43,200 back to the cells 441 00:09:43,200 --> 00:09:45,269 back to the cells that's where the lungs come in 442 00:09:45,269 --> 00:09:45,279 that's where the lungs come in 443 00:09:45,279 --> 00:09:47,350 that's where the lungs come in oxygen depleted blood is pumped from the 444 00:09:47,350 --> 00:09:47,360 oxygen depleted blood is pumped from the 445 00:09:47,360 --> 00:09:49,670 oxygen depleted blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs 446 00:09:49,670 --> 00:09:49,680 heart to the lungs 447 00:09:49,680 --> 00:09:52,230 heart to the lungs think of the lungs as two large airbags 448 00:09:52,230 --> 00:09:52,240 think of the lungs as two large airbags 449 00:09:52,240 --> 00:09:53,750 think of the lungs as two large airbags filled with thousands of tiny blood 450 00:09:53,750 --> 00:09:53,760 filled with thousands of tiny blood 451 00:09:53,760 --> 00:09:55,910 filled with thousands of tiny blood vessels called capillaries 452 00:09:55,910 --> 00:09:55,920 vessels called capillaries 453 00:09:55,920 --> 00:09:57,430 vessels called capillaries my friend here is going to help me show 454 00:09:57,430 --> 00:09:57,440 my friend here is going to help me show 455 00:09:57,440 --> 00:09:58,949 my friend here is going to help me show what happens when we take a breath of 456 00:09:58,949 --> 00:09:58,959 what happens when we take a breath of 457 00:09:58,959 --> 00:10:00,310 what happens when we take a breath of air 458 00:10:00,310 --> 00:10:00,320 air 459 00:10:00,320 --> 00:10:01,829 air when we breathe 460 00:10:01,829 --> 00:10:01,839 when we breathe 461 00:10:01,839 --> 00:10:05,590 when we breathe air rich with oxygen enters the lungs 462 00:10:05,590 --> 00:10:05,600 air rich with oxygen enters the lungs 463 00:10:05,600 --> 00:10:07,350 air rich with oxygen enters the lungs now we've got two lungs full of fresh 464 00:10:07,350 --> 00:10:07,360 now we've got two lungs full of fresh 465 00:10:07,360 --> 00:10:08,870 now we've got two lungs full of fresh air and oxygen 466 00:10:08,870 --> 00:10:08,880 air and oxygen 467 00:10:08,880 --> 00:10:10,710 air and oxygen and we have a network of small blood 468 00:10:10,710 --> 00:10:10,720 and we have a network of small blood 469 00:10:10,720 --> 00:10:12,550 and we have a network of small blood vessels filled with oxygen depleted 470 00:10:12,550 --> 00:10:12,560 vessels filled with oxygen depleted 471 00:10:12,560 --> 00:10:14,470 vessels filled with oxygen depleted blood 472 00:10:14,470 --> 00:10:14,480 blood 473 00:10:14,480 --> 00:10:17,030 blood now something quite fascinating happens 474 00:10:17,030 --> 00:10:17,040 now something quite fascinating happens 475 00:10:17,040 --> 00:10:18,870 now something quite fascinating happens the oxygen in the lungs and the carbon 476 00:10:18,870 --> 00:10:18,880 the oxygen in the lungs and the carbon 477 00:10:18,880 --> 00:10:20,550 the oxygen in the lungs and the carbon dioxide in the blood are going to trade 478 00:10:20,550 --> 00:10:20,560 dioxide in the blood are going to trade 479 00:10:20,560 --> 00:10:22,230 dioxide in the blood are going to trade places through the thin membranes that 480 00:10:22,230 --> 00:10:22,240 places through the thin membranes that 481 00:10:22,240 --> 00:10:25,110 places through the thin membranes that line the lungs this phenomenon is called 482 00:10:25,110 --> 00:10:25,120 line the lungs this phenomenon is called 483 00:10:25,120 --> 00:10:28,150 line the lungs this phenomenon is called gas exchange 484 00:10:28,150 --> 00:10:28,160 485 00:10:28,160 --> 00:10:30,069 now the air in the lungs is optionally 486 00:10:30,069 --> 00:10:30,079 now the air in the lungs is optionally 487 00:10:30,079 --> 00:10:33,590 now the air in the lungs is optionally depleted and the blood is oxygenating 488 00:10:33,590 --> 00:10:33,600 depleted and the blood is oxygenating 489 00:10:33,600 --> 00:10:38,150 depleted and the blood is oxygenating okay now you can breathe 490 00:10:38,150 --> 00:10:38,160 491 00:10:38,160 --> 00:10:41,590 thank you 492 00:10:41,590 --> 00:10:41,600 493 00:10:41,600 --> 00:10:43,190 the blood then returns to the heart 494 00:10:43,190 --> 00:10:43,200 the blood then returns to the heart 495 00:10:43,200 --> 00:10:44,870 the blood then returns to the heart where it's pumped out to the body to 496 00:10:44,870 --> 00:10:44,880 where it's pumped out to the body to 497 00:10:44,880 --> 00:10:47,670 where it's pumped out to the body to nourish the cells and give them oxygen 498 00:10:47,670 --> 00:10:47,680 nourish the cells and give them oxygen 499 00:10:47,680 --> 00:10:50,150 nourish the cells and give them oxygen it then returns back to the to the heart 500 00:10:50,150 --> 00:10:50,160 it then returns back to the to the heart 501 00:10:50,160 --> 00:10:51,350 it then returns back to the to the heart and then again in the lungs where the 502 00:10:51,350 --> 00:10:51,360 and then again in the lungs where the 503 00:10:51,360 --> 00:10:54,069 and then again in the lungs where the processes again repeated 504 00:10:54,069 --> 00:10:54,079 processes again repeated 505 00:10:54,079 --> 00:10:55,750 processes again repeated on earth where gravity tends to pull 506 00:10:55,750 --> 00:10:55,760 on earth where gravity tends to pull 507 00:10:55,760 --> 00:10:57,590 on earth where gravity tends to pull blood toward our feet the majority of 508 00:10:57,590 --> 00:10:57,600 blood toward our feet the majority of 509 00:10:57,600 --> 00:10:59,110 blood toward our feet the majority of the blood in the lung stays near the 510 00:10:59,110 --> 00:10:59,120 the blood in the lung stays near the 511 00:10:59,120 --> 00:11:01,509 the blood in the lung stays near the bottom and the air stays mostly in the 512 00:11:01,509 --> 00:11:01,519 bottom and the air stays mostly in the 513 00:11:01,519 --> 00:11:03,190 bottom and the air stays mostly in the top 514 00:11:03,190 --> 00:11:03,200 top 515 00:11:03,200 --> 00:11:05,430 top but in space where the fluid in our body 516 00:11:05,430 --> 00:11:05,440 but in space where the fluid in our body 517 00:11:05,440 --> 00:11:07,430 but in space where the fluid in our body shifts upwards it is felt that there 518 00:11:07,430 --> 00:11:07,440 shifts upwards it is felt that there 519 00:11:07,440 --> 00:11:09,030 shifts upwards it is felt that there will be a more even distribution of 520 00:11:09,030 --> 00:11:09,040 will be a more even distribution of 521 00:11:09,040 --> 00:11:10,630 will be a more even distribution of blood and air in the lungs 522 00:11:10,630 --> 00:11:10,640 blood and air in the lungs 523 00:11:10,640 --> 00:11:12,310 blood and air in the lungs that means that the lungs should 524 00:11:12,310 --> 00:11:12,320 that means that the lungs should 525 00:11:12,320 --> 00:11:14,150 that means that the lungs should function even more efficiently in space 526 00:11:14,150 --> 00:11:14,160 function even more efficiently in space 527 00:11:14,160 --> 00:11:17,190 function even more efficiently in space than they do on earth 528 00:11:17,190 --> 00:11:17,200 529 00:11:17,200 --> 00:11:19,030 spacelab's gas analyzer is going to help 530 00:11:19,030 --> 00:11:19,040 spacelab's gas analyzer is going to help 531 00:11:19,040 --> 00:11:21,110 spacelab's gas analyzer is going to help us determine if this is true 532 00:11:21,110 --> 00:11:21,120 us determine if this is true 533 00:11:21,120 --> 00:11:22,949 us determine if this is true by breathing into the rebreather device 534 00:11:22,949 --> 00:11:22,959 by breathing into the rebreather device 535 00:11:22,959 --> 00:11:24,470 by breathing into the rebreather device we'll inhale a mixture of traceable 536 00:11:24,470 --> 00:11:24,480 we'll inhale a mixture of traceable 537 00:11:24,480 --> 00:11:25,670 we'll inhale a mixture of traceable gases 538 00:11:25,670 --> 00:11:25,680 gases 539 00:11:25,680 --> 00:11:27,670 gases when we exhale the mixture the gas 540 00:11:27,670 --> 00:11:27,680 when we exhale the mixture the gas 541 00:11:27,680 --> 00:11:29,509 when we exhale the mixture the gas analyzer will identify each gas and 542 00:11:29,509 --> 00:11:29,519 analyzer will identify each gas and 543 00:11:29,519 --> 00:11:31,030 analyzer will identify each gas and determine the quantity that was absorbed 544 00:11:31,030 --> 00:11:31,040 determine the quantity that was absorbed 545 00:11:31,040 --> 00:11:33,750 determine the quantity that was absorbed by the bloodstream 546 00:11:33,750 --> 00:11:33,760 by the bloodstream 547 00:11:33,760 --> 00:11:35,509 by the bloodstream investigators back on earth will then be 548 00:11:35,509 --> 00:11:35,519 investigators back on earth will then be 549 00:11:35,519 --> 00:11:37,590 investigators back on earth will then be able to determine if gas exchange in the 550 00:11:37,590 --> 00:11:37,600 able to determine if gas exchange in the 551 00:11:37,600 --> 00:11:39,590 able to determine if gas exchange in the lungs is actually more efficient in 552 00:11:39,590 --> 00:11:39,600 lungs is actually more efficient in 553 00:11:39,600 --> 00:11:40,790 lungs is actually more efficient in space 554 00:11:40,790 --> 00:11:40,800 space 555 00:11:40,800 --> 00:11:42,470 space if that is the case it may help us to 556 00:11:42,470 --> 00:11:42,480 if that is the case it may help us to 557 00:11:42,480 --> 00:11:44,230 if that is the case it may help us to better understand certain respiratory 558 00:11:44,230 --> 00:11:44,240 better understand certain respiratory 559 00:11:44,240 --> 00:11:58,550 better understand certain respiratory problems that people have back on earth 560 00:11:58,550 --> 00:11:58,560 561 00:11:58,560 --> 00:12:00,230 if you're a healthy young person 562 00:12:00,230 --> 00:12:00,240 if you're a healthy young person 563 00:12:00,240 --> 00:12:03,190 if you're a healthy young person weighing about 120 pounds over 60 564 00:12:03,190 --> 00:12:03,200 weighing about 120 pounds over 60 565 00:12:03,200 --> 00:12:06,230 weighing about 120 pounds over 60 percent or 72 pounds of your body is 566 00:12:06,230 --> 00:12:06,240 percent or 72 pounds of your body is 567 00:12:06,240 --> 00:12:08,230 percent or 72 pounds of your body is made out of water 568 00:12:08,230 --> 00:12:08,240 made out of water 569 00:12:08,240 --> 00:12:09,990 made out of water that means that water is the most 570 00:12:09,990 --> 00:12:10,000 that means that water is the most 571 00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:12,710 that means that water is the most abundant and the most important fluid in 572 00:12:12,710 --> 00:12:12,720 abundant and the most important fluid in 573 00:12:12,720 --> 00:12:14,069 abundant and the most important fluid in your body 574 00:12:14,069 --> 00:12:14,079 your body 575 00:12:14,079 --> 00:12:16,790 your body but how do we keep our body water at a 576 00:12:16,790 --> 00:12:16,800 but how do we keep our body water at a 577 00:12:16,800 --> 00:12:18,389 but how do we keep our body water at a constant level 578 00:12:18,389 --> 00:12:18,399 constant level 579 00:12:18,399 --> 00:12:19,990 constant level every time we perspire go to the 580 00:12:19,990 --> 00:12:20,000 every time we perspire go to the 581 00:12:20,000 --> 00:12:21,269 every time we perspire go to the bathroom 582 00:12:21,269 --> 00:12:21,279 bathroom 583 00:12:21,279 --> 00:12:23,350 bathroom we rid our bodies of water and every 584 00:12:23,350 --> 00:12:23,360 we rid our bodies of water and every 585 00:12:23,360 --> 00:12:27,509 we rid our bodies of water and every time we take a drink of water 586 00:12:27,509 --> 00:12:27,519 587 00:12:27,519 --> 00:12:29,430 we add water back 588 00:12:29,430 --> 00:12:29,440 we add water back 589 00:12:29,440 --> 00:12:32,150 we add water back so how does the body keep the water in 590 00:12:32,150 --> 00:12:32,160 so how does the body keep the water in 591 00:12:32,160 --> 00:12:34,310 so how does the body keep the water in balance 592 00:12:34,310 --> 00:12:34,320 balance 593 00:12:34,320 --> 00:12:36,949 balance this is done for us automatically by our 594 00:12:36,949 --> 00:12:36,959 this is done for us automatically by our 595 00:12:36,959 --> 00:12:39,590 this is done for us automatically by our renal endocrine system 596 00:12:39,590 --> 00:12:39,600 renal endocrine system 597 00:12:39,600 --> 00:12:42,710 renal endocrine system renal refers to the kidneys 598 00:12:42,710 --> 00:12:42,720 renal refers to the kidneys 599 00:12:42,720 --> 00:12:45,350 renal refers to the kidneys and the endocrine system is a collection 600 00:12:45,350 --> 00:12:45,360 and the endocrine system is a collection 601 00:12:45,360 --> 00:12:47,670 and the endocrine system is a collection of hormone-secreting glands 602 00:12:47,670 --> 00:12:47,680 of hormone-secreting glands 603 00:12:47,680 --> 00:12:49,350 of hormone-secreting glands that include 604 00:12:49,350 --> 00:12:49,360 that include 605 00:12:49,360 --> 00:12:51,670 that include the hypothalamus 606 00:12:51,670 --> 00:12:51,680 the hypothalamus 607 00:12:51,680 --> 00:12:53,990 the hypothalamus the pituitary 608 00:12:53,990 --> 00:12:54,000 the pituitary 609 00:12:54,000 --> 00:12:56,470 the pituitary the thyroid gland 610 00:12:56,470 --> 00:12:56,480 the thyroid gland 611 00:12:56,480 --> 00:12:58,069 the thyroid gland the pancreas 612 00:12:58,069 --> 00:12:58,079 the pancreas 613 00:12:58,079 --> 00:13:01,509 the pancreas and the adrenal glands 614 00:13:01,509 --> 00:13:01,519 615 00:13:01,519 --> 00:13:04,230 the primary body compounds regulated by 616 00:13:04,230 --> 00:13:04,240 the primary body compounds regulated by 617 00:13:04,240 --> 00:13:08,069 the primary body compounds regulated by this system are water and electrolytes 618 00:13:08,069 --> 00:13:08,079 this system are water and electrolytes 619 00:13:08,079 --> 00:13:10,550 this system are water and electrolytes when we drink water or other fluids they 620 00:13:10,550 --> 00:13:10,560 when we drink water or other fluids they 621 00:13:10,560 --> 00:13:14,150 when we drink water or other fluids they go into our gastrointestinal tract 622 00:13:14,150 --> 00:13:14,160 go into our gastrointestinal tract 623 00:13:14,160 --> 00:13:16,470 go into our gastrointestinal tract from there water and electrolytes are 624 00:13:16,470 --> 00:13:16,480 from there water and electrolytes are 625 00:13:16,480 --> 00:13:18,470 from there water and electrolytes are absorbed into the bloodstream by a 626 00:13:18,470 --> 00:13:18,480 absorbed into the bloodstream by a 627 00:13:18,480 --> 00:13:25,030 absorbed into the bloodstream by a process called osmosis 628 00:13:25,030 --> 00:13:25,040 629 00:13:25,040 --> 00:13:27,509 the cells in our bodies then absorb 630 00:13:27,509 --> 00:13:27,519 the cells in our bodies then absorb 631 00:13:27,519 --> 00:13:29,590 the cells in our bodies then absorb whatever water they need from the 632 00:13:29,590 --> 00:13:29,600 whatever water they need from the 633 00:13:29,600 --> 00:13:35,030 whatever water they need from the bloodstream 634 00:13:35,030 --> 00:13:35,040 635 00:13:35,040 --> 00:13:37,750 the cells also dump water along cellular 636 00:13:37,750 --> 00:13:37,760 the cells also dump water along cellular 637 00:13:37,760 --> 00:13:43,509 the cells also dump water along cellular waste into the bloodstream 638 00:13:43,509 --> 00:13:43,519 639 00:13:43,519 --> 00:13:45,269 as the blood passes through our 640 00:13:45,269 --> 00:13:45,279 as the blood passes through our 641 00:13:45,279 --> 00:13:46,629 as the blood passes through our endocrine system 642 00:13:46,629 --> 00:13:46,639 endocrine system 643 00:13:46,639 --> 00:13:48,710 endocrine system it is monitored for different metabolic 644 00:13:48,710 --> 00:13:48,720 it is monitored for different metabolic 645 00:13:48,720 --> 00:14:02,710 it is monitored for different metabolic products 646 00:14:02,710 --> 00:14:02,720 647 00:14:02,720 --> 00:14:04,470 two of the endocrine glands the 648 00:14:04,470 --> 00:14:04,480 two of the endocrine glands the 649 00:14:04,480 --> 00:14:07,269 two of the endocrine glands the hypothalamus and the pituitary monitor 650 00:14:07,269 --> 00:14:07,279 hypothalamus and the pituitary monitor 651 00:14:07,279 --> 00:14:13,030 hypothalamus and the pituitary monitor fluid levels in the blood 652 00:14:13,030 --> 00:14:13,040 653 00:14:13,040 --> 00:14:16,550 too high too high 654 00:14:16,550 --> 00:14:16,560 too high too high 655 00:14:16,560 --> 00:14:18,870 too high too high if the fluid level is not right they 656 00:14:18,870 --> 00:14:18,880 if the fluid level is not right they 657 00:14:18,880 --> 00:14:21,670 if the fluid level is not right they will release a hormone 658 00:14:21,670 --> 00:14:21,680 will release a hormone 659 00:14:21,680 --> 00:14:24,230 will release a hormone and that hormone tells the brain there's 660 00:14:24,230 --> 00:14:24,240 and that hormone tells the brain there's 661 00:14:24,240 --> 00:14:26,069 and that hormone tells the brain there's a problem 662 00:14:26,069 --> 00:14:26,079 a problem 663 00:14:26,079 --> 00:14:28,949 a problem if the fluid level is too low 664 00:14:28,949 --> 00:14:28,959 if the fluid level is too low 665 00:14:28,959 --> 00:14:32,790 if the fluid level is too low the brain tells us that we're thirsty 666 00:14:32,790 --> 00:14:32,800 the brain tells us that we're thirsty 667 00:14:32,800 --> 00:14:35,750 the brain tells us that we're thirsty but if the fluid level is high 668 00:14:35,750 --> 00:14:35,760 but if the fluid level is high 669 00:14:35,760 --> 00:14:38,310 but if the fluid level is high the brain tells the kidneys to eliminate 670 00:14:38,310 --> 00:14:38,320 the brain tells the kidneys to eliminate 671 00:14:38,320 --> 00:14:43,030 the brain tells the kidneys to eliminate fluid 672 00:14:43,030 --> 00:14:43,040 673 00:14:43,040 --> 00:14:45,430 through an elaborate filtering process 674 00:14:45,430 --> 00:14:45,440 through an elaborate filtering process 675 00:14:45,440 --> 00:14:48,310 through an elaborate filtering process our kidneys remove the excess fluids and 676 00:14:48,310 --> 00:14:48,320 our kidneys remove the excess fluids and 677 00:14:48,320 --> 00:14:50,389 our kidneys remove the excess fluids and waste from our blood and store it in our 678 00:14:50,389 --> 00:14:50,399 waste from our blood and store it in our 679 00:14:50,399 --> 00:14:53,910 waste from our blood and store it in our bladder in the form of urine 680 00:14:53,910 --> 00:14:53,920 bladder in the form of urine 681 00:14:53,920 --> 00:14:56,069 bladder in the form of urine when our kidneys are told by our body to 682 00:14:56,069 --> 00:14:56,079 when our kidneys are told by our body to 683 00:14:56,079 --> 00:14:57,670 when our kidneys are told by our body to get rid of water 684 00:14:57,670 --> 00:14:57,680 get rid of water 685 00:14:57,680 --> 00:15:00,470 get rid of water we make more urine in the body 686 00:15:00,470 --> 00:15:00,480 we make more urine in the body 687 00:15:00,480 --> 00:15:02,870 we make more urine in the body our bladders fill and we get the urge to 688 00:15:02,870 --> 00:15:02,880 our bladders fill and we get the urge to 689 00:15:02,880 --> 00:15:04,230 our bladders fill and we get the urge to urinate 690 00:15:04,230 --> 00:15:04,240 urinate 691 00:15:04,240 --> 00:15:05,750 urinate but what does all this mean for the 692 00:15:05,750 --> 00:15:05,760 but what does all this mean for the 693 00:15:05,760 --> 00:15:07,829 but what does all this mean for the space traveler 694 00:15:07,829 --> 00:15:07,839 space traveler 695 00:15:07,839 --> 00:15:09,990 space traveler for one it means that when we enter 696 00:15:09,990 --> 00:15:10,000 for one it means that when we enter 697 00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:12,470 for one it means that when we enter weightlessness the body fluids shift 698 00:15:12,470 --> 00:15:12,480 weightlessness the body fluids shift 699 00:15:12,480 --> 00:15:13,750 weightlessness the body fluids shift upward 700 00:15:13,750 --> 00:15:13,760 upward 701 00:15:13,760 --> 00:15:15,990 upward and our renal endocrine system will tell 702 00:15:15,990 --> 00:15:16,000 and our renal endocrine system will tell 703 00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:18,550 and our renal endocrine system will tell our bodies to eliminate fluid 704 00:15:18,550 --> 00:15:18,560 our bodies to eliminate fluid 705 00:15:18,560 --> 00:15:20,949 our bodies to eliminate fluid what we don't know is how weightlessness 706 00:15:20,949 --> 00:15:20,959 what we don't know is how weightlessness 707 00:15:20,959 --> 00:15:23,350 what we don't know is how weightlessness affects the production of hormones that 708 00:15:23,350 --> 00:15:23,360 affects the production of hormones that 709 00:15:23,360 --> 00:15:26,470 affects the production of hormones that keep our fluid levels balanced here on 710 00:15:26,470 --> 00:15:26,480 keep our fluid levels balanced here on 711 00:15:26,480 --> 00:15:28,949 keep our fluid levels balanced here on sls 1 we're investigating all the 712 00:15:28,949 --> 00:15:28,959 sls 1 we're investigating all the 713 00:15:28,959 --> 00:15:31,350 sls 1 we're investigating all the changes that occur during space flight 714 00:15:31,350 --> 00:15:31,360 changes that occur during space flight 715 00:15:31,360 --> 00:15:33,430 changes that occur during space flight changes in the hormone production 716 00:15:33,430 --> 00:15:33,440 changes in the hormone production 717 00:15:33,440 --> 00:15:36,150 changes in the hormone production changes in how the kidney functions 718 00:15:36,150 --> 00:15:36,160 changes in how the kidney functions 719 00:15:36,160 --> 00:15:38,629 changes in how the kidney functions and the circulation 720 00:15:38,629 --> 00:15:38,639 and the circulation 721 00:15:38,639 --> 00:15:40,790 and the circulation and with this new knowledge we hope to 722 00:15:40,790 --> 00:15:40,800 and with this new knowledge we hope to 723 00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:42,470 and with this new knowledge we hope to shed new light 724 00:15:42,470 --> 00:15:42,480 shed new light 725 00:15:42,480 --> 00:15:43,990 shed new light on things like 726 00:15:43,990 --> 00:15:44,000 on things like 727 00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:46,150 on things like how and why we deconditioned during 728 00:15:46,150 --> 00:15:46,160 how and why we deconditioned during 729 00:15:46,160 --> 00:15:47,430 how and why we deconditioned during space flight 730 00:15:47,430 --> 00:15:47,440 space flight 731 00:15:47,440 --> 00:15:49,670 space flight and on earth problems like orthostatic 732 00:15:49,670 --> 00:15:49,680 and on earth problems like orthostatic 733 00:15:49,680 --> 00:16:04,310 and on earth problems like orthostatic hypertension and heart failure 734 00:16:04,310 --> 00:16:04,320 735 00:16:04,320 --> 00:16:06,389 all of us know that blood is essential 736 00:16:06,389 --> 00:16:06,399 all of us know that blood is essential 737 00:16:06,399 --> 00:16:07,590 all of us know that blood is essential for life 738 00:16:07,590 --> 00:16:07,600 for life 739 00:16:07,600 --> 00:16:10,389 for life but do we really know why 740 00:16:10,389 --> 00:16:10,399 but do we really know why 741 00:16:10,399 --> 00:16:13,670 but do we really know why blood has two very important jobs first 742 00:16:13,670 --> 00:16:13,680 blood has two very important jobs first 743 00:16:13,680 --> 00:16:16,870 blood has two very important jobs first it transports oxygen and carbon dioxide 744 00:16:16,870 --> 00:16:16,880 it transports oxygen and carbon dioxide 745 00:16:16,880 --> 00:16:18,870 it transports oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the millions of cells in our 746 00:16:18,870 --> 00:16:18,880 to and from the millions of cells in our 747 00:16:18,880 --> 00:16:19,990 to and from the millions of cells in our bodies 748 00:16:19,990 --> 00:16:20,000 bodies 749 00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:22,470 bodies blood is also a defense mechanism that 750 00:16:22,470 --> 00:16:22,480 blood is also a defense mechanism that 751 00:16:22,480 --> 00:16:24,470 blood is also a defense mechanism that allows our bodies to fight infection and 752 00:16:24,470 --> 00:16:24,480 allows our bodies to fight infection and 753 00:16:24,480 --> 00:16:25,990 allows our bodies to fight infection and disease 754 00:16:25,990 --> 00:16:26,000 disease 755 00:16:26,000 --> 00:16:28,230 disease blood has three components 756 00:16:28,230 --> 00:16:28,240 blood has three components 757 00:16:28,240 --> 00:16:30,150 blood has three components red blood cells which do the 758 00:16:30,150 --> 00:16:30,160 red blood cells which do the 759 00:16:30,160 --> 00:16:31,990 red blood cells which do the transporting of oxygen and carbon 760 00:16:31,990 --> 00:16:32,000 transporting of oxygen and carbon 761 00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:33,350 transporting of oxygen and carbon dioxide 762 00:16:33,350 --> 00:16:33,360 dioxide 763 00:16:33,360 --> 00:16:36,230 dioxide white blood cells which fight infections 764 00:16:36,230 --> 00:16:36,240 white blood cells which fight infections 765 00:16:36,240 --> 00:16:39,590 white blood cells which fight infections and a watery fluid called plasma which 766 00:16:39,590 --> 00:16:39,600 and a watery fluid called plasma which 767 00:16:39,600 --> 00:16:41,990 and a watery fluid called plasma which makes our blood liquid and allows it to 768 00:16:41,990 --> 00:16:42,000 makes our blood liquid and allows it to 769 00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:44,790 makes our blood liquid and allows it to flow through the blood vessels 770 00:16:44,790 --> 00:16:44,800 flow through the blood vessels 771 00:16:44,800 --> 00:16:46,230 flow through the blood vessels let's take a look at each of these 772 00:16:46,230 --> 00:16:46,240 let's take a look at each of these 773 00:16:46,240 --> 00:16:51,990 let's take a look at each of these components a little closer 774 00:16:51,990 --> 00:16:52,000 775 00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:53,990 red blood cells could be compared to 776 00:16:53,990 --> 00:16:54,000 red blood cells could be compared to 777 00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:56,550 red blood cells could be compared to millions of taxicabs zooming around in 778 00:16:56,550 --> 00:16:56,560 millions of taxicabs zooming around in 779 00:16:56,560 --> 00:16:58,949 millions of taxicabs zooming around in our bodies 780 00:16:58,949 --> 00:16:58,959 our bodies 781 00:16:58,959 --> 00:17:01,269 our bodies as each red blood cell taxi passes 782 00:17:01,269 --> 00:17:01,279 as each red blood cell taxi passes 783 00:17:01,279 --> 00:17:03,910 as each red blood cell taxi passes through our lungs it's flagged down by 784 00:17:03,910 --> 00:17:03,920 through our lungs it's flagged down by 785 00:17:03,920 --> 00:17:07,590 through our lungs it's flagged down by an oxygen molecule 786 00:17:07,590 --> 00:17:07,600 787 00:17:07,600 --> 00:17:09,990 the oxygen is wanting to go to one of 788 00:17:09,990 --> 00:17:10,000 the oxygen is wanting to go to one of 789 00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:12,470 the oxygen is wanting to go to one of the millions of cells that makes up our 790 00:17:12,470 --> 00:17:12,480 the millions of cells that makes up our 791 00:17:12,480 --> 00:17:15,429 the millions of cells that makes up our bodies 792 00:17:15,429 --> 00:17:15,439 793 00:17:15,439 --> 00:17:17,590 so the red blood cell takes off through 794 00:17:17,590 --> 00:17:17,600 so the red blood cell takes off through 795 00:17:17,600 --> 00:17:19,750 so the red blood cell takes off through the cardiovascular system toward that 796 00:17:19,750 --> 00:17:19,760 the cardiovascular system toward that 797 00:17:19,760 --> 00:17:21,750 the cardiovascular system toward that destination 798 00:17:21,750 --> 00:17:21,760 destination 799 00:17:21,760 --> 00:17:24,549 destination once there the oxygen gets out and goes 800 00:17:24,549 --> 00:17:24,559 once there the oxygen gets out and goes 801 00:17:24,559 --> 00:17:26,069 once there the oxygen gets out and goes to the cell 802 00:17:26,069 --> 00:17:26,079 to the cell 803 00:17:26,079 --> 00:17:28,789 to the cell now like any good taxi driver the red 804 00:17:28,789 --> 00:17:28,799 now like any good taxi driver the red 805 00:17:28,799 --> 00:17:30,710 now like any good taxi driver the red blood cell doesn't want to make a return 806 00:17:30,710 --> 00:17:30,720 blood cell doesn't want to make a return 807 00:17:30,720 --> 00:17:33,029 blood cell doesn't want to make a return trip without a paying customer 808 00:17:33,029 --> 00:17:33,039 trip without a paying customer 809 00:17:33,039 --> 00:17:35,270 trip without a paying customer so while at the cell he picks up a 810 00:17:35,270 --> 00:17:35,280 so while at the cell he picks up a 811 00:17:35,280 --> 00:17:37,909 so while at the cell he picks up a carbon dioxide passenger for the return 812 00:17:37,909 --> 00:17:37,919 carbon dioxide passenger for the return 813 00:17:37,919 --> 00:17:39,590 carbon dioxide passenger for the return trip to the lungs 814 00:17:39,590 --> 00:17:39,600 trip to the lungs 815 00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:42,470 trip to the lungs without red blood cells our cells can't 816 00:17:42,470 --> 00:17:42,480 without red blood cells our cells can't 817 00:17:42,480 --> 00:17:46,310 without red blood cells our cells can't get the oxygen they need to sustain life 818 00:17:46,310 --> 00:17:46,320 get the oxygen they need to sustain life 819 00:17:46,320 --> 00:17:48,150 get the oxygen they need to sustain life white blood cells also perform an 820 00:17:48,150 --> 00:17:48,160 white blood cells also perform an 821 00:17:48,160 --> 00:17:50,390 white blood cells also perform an important function they are a major part 822 00:17:50,390 --> 00:17:50,400 important function they are a major part 823 00:17:50,400 --> 00:17:52,789 important function they are a major part of our immune system 824 00:17:52,789 --> 00:17:52,799 of our immune system 825 00:17:52,799 --> 00:17:55,350 of our immune system from time to time foreign substances 826 00:17:55,350 --> 00:17:55,360 from time to time foreign substances 827 00:17:55,360 --> 00:17:56,950 from time to time foreign substances enter our bodies 828 00:17:56,950 --> 00:17:56,960 enter our bodies 829 00:17:56,960 --> 00:17:59,590 enter our bodies these substances might be bacteria 830 00:17:59,590 --> 00:17:59,600 these substances might be bacteria 831 00:17:59,600 --> 00:18:01,830 these substances might be bacteria viruses or even something like a 832 00:18:01,830 --> 00:18:01,840 viruses or even something like a 833 00:18:01,840 --> 00:18:03,590 viruses or even something like a splinter 834 00:18:03,590 --> 00:18:03,600 splinter 835 00:18:03,600 --> 00:18:05,590 splinter we might compare the white blood cells 836 00:18:05,590 --> 00:18:05,600 we might compare the white blood cells 837 00:18:05,600 --> 00:18:09,830 we might compare the white blood cells to a good watchdog in our yard 838 00:18:09,830 --> 00:18:09,840 839 00:18:09,840 --> 00:18:11,750 when someone or something harmful comes 840 00:18:11,750 --> 00:18:11,760 when someone or something harmful comes 841 00:18:11,760 --> 00:18:19,590 when someone or something harmful comes into our yard our watchdog 842 00:18:19,590 --> 00:18:19,600 843 00:18:19,600 --> 00:18:22,390 the white blood cells work the same way 844 00:18:22,390 --> 00:18:22,400 the white blood cells work the same way 845 00:18:22,400 --> 00:18:24,710 the white blood cells work the same way except there are millions of them 846 00:18:24,710 --> 00:18:24,720 except there are millions of them 847 00:18:24,720 --> 00:18:26,549 except there are millions of them when a foreign substance enters our 848 00:18:26,549 --> 00:18:26,559 when a foreign substance enters our 849 00:18:26,559 --> 00:18:29,430 when a foreign substance enters our bodies the white blood cells attack and 850 00:18:29,430 --> 00:18:29,440 bodies the white blood cells attack and 851 00:18:29,440 --> 00:18:31,510 bodies the white blood cells attack and repel the intruder 852 00:18:31,510 --> 00:18:31,520 repel the intruder 853 00:18:31,520 --> 00:18:33,110 repel the intruder there are several types of white blood 854 00:18:33,110 --> 00:18:33,120 there are several types of white blood 855 00:18:33,120 --> 00:18:35,270 there are several types of white blood cells but the ones that we're interested 856 00:18:35,270 --> 00:18:35,280 cells but the ones that we're interested 857 00:18:35,280 --> 00:18:38,230 cells but the ones that we're interested in on this flight are called lymphocytes 858 00:18:38,230 --> 00:18:38,240 in on this flight are called lymphocytes 859 00:18:38,240 --> 00:18:40,230 in on this flight are called lymphocytes the red and white blood cells would have 860 00:18:40,230 --> 00:18:40,240 the red and white blood cells would have 861 00:18:40,240 --> 00:18:41,830 the red and white blood cells would have a difficult time making it through our 862 00:18:41,830 --> 00:18:41,840 a difficult time making it through our 863 00:18:41,840 --> 00:18:44,470 a difficult time making it through our blood vessels if it weren't for a liquid 864 00:18:44,470 --> 00:18:44,480 blood vessels if it weren't for a liquid 865 00:18:44,480 --> 00:18:46,710 blood vessels if it weren't for a liquid called plasma 866 00:18:46,710 --> 00:18:46,720 called plasma 867 00:18:46,720 --> 00:18:49,270 called plasma in the red fluid we call blood 868 00:18:49,270 --> 00:18:49,280 in the red fluid we call blood 869 00:18:49,280 --> 00:18:52,870 in the red fluid we call blood cells make up about 40 to 45 870 00:18:52,870 --> 00:18:52,880 cells make up about 40 to 45 871 00:18:52,880 --> 00:18:55,110 cells make up about 40 to 45 the rest is plasma 872 00:18:55,110 --> 00:18:55,120 the rest is plasma 873 00:18:55,120 --> 00:18:57,590 the rest is plasma since plasma is a fluid it is really 874 00:18:57,590 --> 00:18:57,600 since plasma is a fluid it is really 875 00:18:57,600 --> 00:18:59,750 since plasma is a fluid it is really affected by the upward fluid shift that 876 00:18:59,750 --> 00:18:59,760 affected by the upward fluid shift that 877 00:18:59,760 --> 00:19:01,830 affected by the upward fluid shift that takes place in our bodies when we first 878 00:19:01,830 --> 00:19:01,840 takes place in our bodies when we first 879 00:19:01,840 --> 00:19:03,909 takes place in our bodies when we first encounter weightlessness and that 880 00:19:03,909 --> 00:19:03,919 encounter weightlessness and that 881 00:19:03,919 --> 00:19:06,549 encounter weightlessness and that affects our body's overall blood supply 882 00:19:06,549 --> 00:19:06,559 affects our body's overall blood supply 883 00:19:06,559 --> 00:19:08,310 affects our body's overall blood supply here's how 884 00:19:08,310 --> 00:19:08,320 here's how 885 00:19:08,320 --> 00:19:09,990 here's how when the fluid in our bodies drifts 886 00:19:09,990 --> 00:19:10,000 when the fluid in our bodies drifts 887 00:19:10,000 --> 00:19:11,029 when the fluid in our bodies drifts upward 888 00:19:11,029 --> 00:19:11,039 upward 889 00:19:11,039 --> 00:19:13,190 upward sensors in the circulatory system and 890 00:19:13,190 --> 00:19:13,200 sensors in the circulatory system and 891 00:19:13,200 --> 00:19:15,590 sensors in the circulatory system and the endocrine system send a message to 892 00:19:15,590 --> 00:19:15,600 the endocrine system send a message to 893 00:19:15,600 --> 00:19:17,430 the endocrine system send a message to the brain saying that there's too much 894 00:19:17,430 --> 00:19:17,440 the brain saying that there's too much 895 00:19:17,440 --> 00:19:22,310 the brain saying that there's too much fluid 896 00:19:22,310 --> 00:19:22,320 897 00:19:22,320 --> 00:19:24,390 the brain then tells the kidneys to 898 00:19:24,390 --> 00:19:24,400 the brain then tells the kidneys to 899 00:19:24,400 --> 00:19:26,789 the brain then tells the kidneys to reduce the fluid volume 900 00:19:26,789 --> 00:19:26,799 reduce the fluid volume 901 00:19:26,799 --> 00:19:29,029 reduce the fluid volume this is probably accomplished mainly 902 00:19:29,029 --> 00:19:29,039 this is probably accomplished mainly 903 00:19:29,039 --> 00:19:30,870 this is probably accomplished mainly through urination 904 00:19:30,870 --> 00:19:30,880 through urination 905 00:19:30,880 --> 00:19:33,270 through urination once the fluid level has been reduced 906 00:19:33,270 --> 00:19:33,280 once the fluid level has been reduced 907 00:19:33,280 --> 00:19:36,310 once the fluid level has been reduced blood cells make up more than 45 of the 908 00:19:36,310 --> 00:19:36,320 blood cells make up more than 45 of the 909 00:19:36,320 --> 00:19:37,750 blood cells make up more than 45 of the blood supply 910 00:19:37,750 --> 00:19:37,760 blood supply 911 00:19:37,760 --> 00:19:41,510 blood supply in other words our blood becomes thicker 912 00:19:41,510 --> 00:19:41,520 in other words our blood becomes thicker 913 00:19:41,520 --> 00:19:43,350 in other words our blood becomes thicker to compensate for this 914 00:19:43,350 --> 00:19:43,360 to compensate for this 915 00:19:43,360 --> 00:19:45,830 to compensate for this we think the bone marrow decreases its 916 00:19:45,830 --> 00:19:45,840 we think the bone marrow decreases its 917 00:19:45,840 --> 00:19:48,310 we think the bone marrow decreases its production of red blood cells until the 918 00:19:48,310 --> 00:19:48,320 production of red blood cells until the 919 00:19:48,320 --> 00:19:52,310 production of red blood cells until the ratio returns to about 45 percent so 920 00:19:52,310 --> 00:19:52,320 ratio returns to about 45 percent so 921 00:19:52,320 --> 00:19:54,630 ratio returns to about 45 percent so once again our bodies adapt to the 922 00:19:54,630 --> 00:19:54,640 once again our bodies adapt to the 923 00:19:54,640 --> 00:19:56,710 once again our bodies adapt to the changes of space flight 924 00:19:56,710 --> 00:19:56,720 changes of space flight 925 00:19:56,720 --> 00:19:59,110 changes of space flight but when we return to earth we face 926 00:19:59,110 --> 00:19:59,120 but when we return to earth we face 927 00:19:59,120 --> 00:20:00,710 but when we return to earth we face another problem 928 00:20:00,710 --> 00:20:00,720 another problem 929 00:20:00,720 --> 00:20:02,710 another problem we find that we've lost both blood 930 00:20:02,710 --> 00:20:02,720 we find that we've lost both blood 931 00:20:02,720 --> 00:20:05,350 we find that we've lost both blood volume and red blood cells 932 00:20:05,350 --> 00:20:05,360 volume and red blood cells 933 00:20:05,360 --> 00:20:07,510 volume and red blood cells the loss of blood volume is a problem 934 00:20:07,510 --> 00:20:07,520 the loss of blood volume is a problem 935 00:20:07,520 --> 00:20:10,390 the loss of blood volume is a problem immediately upon returning to earth 936 00:20:10,390 --> 00:20:10,400 immediately upon returning to earth 937 00:20:10,400 --> 00:20:12,870 immediately upon returning to earth because earth gravity is again pooling 938 00:20:12,870 --> 00:20:12,880 because earth gravity is again pooling 939 00:20:12,880 --> 00:20:15,750 because earth gravity is again pooling blood in our legs the decreased volume 940 00:20:15,750 --> 00:20:15,760 blood in our legs the decreased volume 941 00:20:15,760 --> 00:20:17,669 blood in our legs the decreased volume makes it more difficult for blood to be 942 00:20:17,669 --> 00:20:17,679 makes it more difficult for blood to be 943 00:20:17,679 --> 00:20:18,830 makes it more difficult for blood to be pumped to our 944 00:20:18,830 --> 00:20:18,840 pumped to our 945 00:20:18,840 --> 00:20:21,909 pumped to our brain this can lead to lightheadedness 946 00:20:21,909 --> 00:20:21,919 brain this can lead to lightheadedness 947 00:20:21,919 --> 00:20:25,510 brain this can lead to lightheadedness and a woozy feeling right after landing 948 00:20:25,510 --> 00:20:25,520 and a woozy feeling right after landing 949 00:20:25,520 --> 00:20:27,909 and a woozy feeling right after landing we begin working to correct this problem 950 00:20:27,909 --> 00:20:27,919 we begin working to correct this problem 951 00:20:27,919 --> 00:20:30,390 we begin working to correct this problem even before we land by drinking lots of 952 00:20:30,390 --> 00:20:30,400 even before we land by drinking lots of 953 00:20:30,400 --> 00:20:31,830 even before we land by drinking lots of water 954 00:20:31,830 --> 00:20:31,840 water 955 00:20:31,840 --> 00:20:33,909 water by drinking water we begin to replace 956 00:20:33,909 --> 00:20:33,919 by drinking water we begin to replace 957 00:20:33,919 --> 00:20:36,710 by drinking water we begin to replace the plasma in our blood 958 00:20:36,710 --> 00:20:36,720 the plasma in our blood 959 00:20:36,720 --> 00:20:38,950 the plasma in our blood but once the plasma level is increased 960 00:20:38,950 --> 00:20:38,960 but once the plasma level is increased 961 00:20:38,960 --> 00:20:41,510 but once the plasma level is increased we face another problem 962 00:20:41,510 --> 00:20:41,520 we face another problem 963 00:20:41,520 --> 00:20:43,430 we face another problem now we have fewer red blood cells than 964 00:20:43,430 --> 00:20:43,440 now we have fewer red blood cells than 965 00:20:43,440 --> 00:20:45,909 now we have fewer red blood cells than we should have this condition is called 966 00:20:45,909 --> 00:20:45,919 we should have this condition is called 967 00:20:45,919 --> 00:20:48,149 we should have this condition is called space anemia even though it doesn't 968 00:20:48,149 --> 00:20:48,159 space anemia even though it doesn't 969 00:20:48,159 --> 00:20:49,830 space anemia even though it doesn't actually happen until we're back on 970 00:20:49,830 --> 00:20:49,840 actually happen until we're back on 971 00:20:49,840 --> 00:20:51,350 actually happen until we're back on earth 972 00:20:51,350 --> 00:20:51,360 earth 973 00:20:51,360 --> 00:20:53,990 earth face anemia will continue until the body 974 00:20:53,990 --> 00:20:54,000 face anemia will continue until the body 975 00:20:54,000 --> 00:20:56,630 face anemia will continue until the body manufactures enough red blood cells to 976 00:20:56,630 --> 00:20:56,640 manufactures enough red blood cells to 977 00:20:56,640 --> 00:20:59,110 manufactures enough red blood cells to bring the plasma cell ratio back to 978 00:20:59,110 --> 00:20:59,120 bring the plasma cell ratio back to 979 00:20:59,120 --> 00:21:01,510 bring the plasma cell ratio back to about 45 percent 980 00:21:01,510 --> 00:21:01,520 about 45 percent 981 00:21:01,520 --> 00:21:03,990 about 45 percent during the sls-1 mission we're studying 982 00:21:03,990 --> 00:21:04,000 during the sls-1 mission we're studying 983 00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:05,909 during the sls-1 mission we're studying several ways in which space flight may 984 00:21:05,909 --> 00:21:05,919 several ways in which space flight may 985 00:21:05,919 --> 00:21:09,270 several ways in which space flight may affect the blood and immune system 986 00:21:09,270 --> 00:21:09,280 affect the blood and immune system 987 00:21:09,280 --> 00:21:11,510 affect the blood and immune system for example in the past we have found 988 00:21:11,510 --> 00:21:11,520 for example in the past we have found 989 00:21:11,520 --> 00:21:13,669 for example in the past we have found that astronauts have fewer lymphocytes 990 00:21:13,669 --> 00:21:13,679 that astronauts have fewer lymphocytes 991 00:21:13,679 --> 00:21:15,430 that astronauts have fewer lymphocytes after flying in space 992 00:21:15,430 --> 00:21:15,440 after flying in space 993 00:21:15,440 --> 00:21:17,510 after flying in space and the lymphocytes they did have were 994 00:21:17,510 --> 00:21:17,520 and the lymphocytes they did have were 995 00:21:17,520 --> 00:21:19,669 and the lymphocytes they did have were not as effective in fighting infection 996 00:21:19,669 --> 00:21:19,679 not as effective in fighting infection 997 00:21:19,679 --> 00:21:23,190 not as effective in fighting infection as they had been prior to space flight 998 00:21:23,190 --> 00:21:23,200 as they had been prior to space flight 999 00:21:23,200 --> 00:21:25,350 as they had been prior to space flight at various times throughout this mission 1000 00:21:25,350 --> 00:21:25,360 at various times throughout this mission 1001 00:21:25,360 --> 00:21:28,230 at various times throughout this mission we're going to draw blood from the crew 1002 00:21:28,230 --> 00:21:28,240 we're going to draw blood from the crew 1003 00:21:28,240 --> 00:21:30,390 we're going to draw blood from the crew these specimens will be studied later on 1004 00:21:30,390 --> 00:21:30,400 these specimens will be studied later on 1005 00:21:30,400 --> 00:21:32,870 these specimens will be studied later on earth to determine if the lymphocytes 1006 00:21:32,870 --> 00:21:32,880 earth to determine if the lymphocytes 1007 00:21:32,880 --> 00:21:35,270 earth to determine if the lymphocytes ability to respond to infection 1008 00:21:35,270 --> 00:21:35,280 ability to respond to infection 1009 00:21:35,280 --> 00:21:37,110 ability to respond to infection decreases the longer they remain 1010 00:21:37,110 --> 00:21:37,120 decreases the longer they remain 1011 00:21:37,120 --> 00:21:38,870 decreases the longer they remain weightless 1012 00:21:38,870 --> 00:21:38,880 weightless 1013 00:21:38,880 --> 00:21:40,549 weightless this is an important question to be 1014 00:21:40,549 --> 00:21:40,559 this is an important question to be 1015 00:21:40,559 --> 00:21:41,510 this is an important question to be answered 1016 00:21:41,510 --> 00:21:41,520 answered 1017 00:21:41,520 --> 00:21:43,669 answered without a functioning immune system our 1018 00:21:43,669 --> 00:21:43,679 without a functioning immune system our 1019 00:21:43,679 --> 00:21:45,510 without a functioning immune system our bodies would become easy prey for 1020 00:21:45,510 --> 00:21:45,520 bodies would become easy prey for 1021 00:21:45,520 --> 00:21:56,630 bodies would become easy prey for disease 1022 00:21:56,630 --> 00:21:56,640 1023 00:21:56,640 --> 00:21:58,070 most structures are designed with a 1024 00:21:58,070 --> 00:21:58,080 most structures are designed with a 1025 00:21:58,080 --> 00:22:01,350 most structures are designed with a specific purpose in mind 1026 00:22:01,350 --> 00:22:01,360 specific purpose in mind 1027 00:22:01,360 --> 00:22:03,190 specific purpose in mind the orbiter was designed to function in 1028 00:22:03,190 --> 00:22:03,200 the orbiter was designed to function in 1029 00:22:03,200 --> 00:22:06,390 the orbiter was designed to function in the unique conditions of space 1030 00:22:06,390 --> 00:22:06,400 the unique conditions of space 1031 00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:08,070 the unique conditions of space our bodies were designed to function on 1032 00:22:08,070 --> 00:22:08,080 our bodies were designed to function on 1033 00:22:08,080 --> 00:22:13,750 our bodies were designed to function on earth where there's gravity 1034 00:22:13,750 --> 00:22:13,760 1035 00:22:13,760 --> 00:22:15,990 in fact our body's musculoskeletal 1036 00:22:15,990 --> 00:22:16,000 in fact our body's musculoskeletal 1037 00:22:16,000 --> 00:22:17,510 in fact our body's musculoskeletal system needs gravity to function 1038 00:22:17,510 --> 00:22:17,520 system needs gravity to function 1039 00:22:17,520 --> 00:22:20,149 system needs gravity to function properly 1040 00:22:20,149 --> 00:22:20,159 1041 00:22:20,159 --> 00:22:21,750 of all the body systems we're studying 1042 00:22:21,750 --> 00:22:21,760 of all the body systems we're studying 1043 00:22:21,760 --> 00:22:24,549 of all the body systems we're studying during sls-1 the musculoskeletal system 1044 00:22:24,549 --> 00:22:24,559 during sls-1 the musculoskeletal system 1045 00:22:24,559 --> 00:22:26,390 during sls-1 the musculoskeletal system may be the only one that has serious 1046 00:22:26,390 --> 00:22:26,400 may be the only one that has serious 1047 00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:28,470 may be the only one that has serious problems adapting to the changes it 1048 00:22:28,470 --> 00:22:28,480 problems adapting to the changes it 1049 00:22:28,480 --> 00:22:32,230 problems adapting to the changes it encounters during space flight 1050 00:22:32,230 --> 00:22:32,240 1051 00:22:32,240 --> 00:22:33,990 by pulling against our bodies gravity 1052 00:22:33,990 --> 00:22:34,000 by pulling against our bodies gravity 1053 00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:35,669 by pulling against our bodies gravity makes our bones and muscles work and 1054 00:22:35,669 --> 00:22:35,679 makes our bones and muscles work and 1055 00:22:35,679 --> 00:22:37,430 makes our bones and muscles work and become stronger 1056 00:22:37,430 --> 00:22:37,440 become stronger 1057 00:22:37,440 --> 00:22:39,270 become stronger each time we take a step and push our 1058 00:22:39,270 --> 00:22:39,280 each time we take a step and push our 1059 00:22:39,280 --> 00:22:40,789 each time we take a step and push our weight forward we perform a weight 1060 00:22:40,789 --> 00:22:40,799 weight forward we perform a weight 1061 00:22:40,799 --> 00:22:42,710 weight forward we perform a weight lifting exercise for the muscles in our 1062 00:22:42,710 --> 00:22:42,720 lifting exercise for the muscles in our 1063 00:22:42,720 --> 00:22:43,830 lifting exercise for the muscles in our legs 1064 00:22:43,830 --> 00:22:43,840 legs 1065 00:22:43,840 --> 00:22:45,669 legs activities like climbing stairs make our 1066 00:22:45,669 --> 00:22:45,679 activities like climbing stairs make our 1067 00:22:45,679 --> 00:22:47,909 activities like climbing stairs make our muscles work even harder 1068 00:22:47,909 --> 00:22:47,919 muscles work even harder 1069 00:22:47,919 --> 00:22:50,470 muscles work even harder but in space nothing has weight so our 1070 00:22:50,470 --> 00:22:50,480 but in space nothing has weight so our 1071 00:22:50,480 --> 00:22:52,070 but in space nothing has weight so our muscles don't have to work the same as 1072 00:22:52,070 --> 00:22:52,080 muscles don't have to work the same as 1073 00:22:52,080 --> 00:22:54,789 muscles don't have to work the same as they do on earth when muscles don't work 1074 00:22:54,789 --> 00:22:54,799 they do on earth when muscles don't work 1075 00:22:54,799 --> 00:22:58,070 they do on earth when muscles don't work in their usual way they become weaker 1076 00:22:58,070 --> 00:22:58,080 in their usual way they become weaker 1077 00:22:58,080 --> 00:22:59,590 in their usual way they become weaker most of us have known someone who's 1078 00:22:59,590 --> 00:22:59,600 most of us have known someone who's 1079 00:22:59,600 --> 00:23:01,430 most of us have known someone who's broken an arm or leg and had to wear a 1080 00:23:01,430 --> 00:23:01,440 broken an arm or leg and had to wear a 1081 00:23:01,440 --> 00:23:03,830 broken an arm or leg and had to wear a cast while the bone healed 1082 00:23:03,830 --> 00:23:03,840 cast while the bone healed 1083 00:23:03,840 --> 00:23:05,350 cast while the bone healed while in the cast the muscles of that 1084 00:23:05,350 --> 00:23:05,360 while in the cast the muscles of that 1085 00:23:05,360 --> 00:23:07,430 while in the cast the muscles of that arm or leg didn't have to work 1086 00:23:07,430 --> 00:23:07,440 arm or leg didn't have to work 1087 00:23:07,440 --> 00:23:09,270 arm or leg didn't have to work and once the cast was removed the muscle 1088 00:23:09,270 --> 00:23:09,280 and once the cast was removed the muscle 1089 00:23:09,280 --> 00:23:11,909 and once the cast was removed the muscle was weak and had lost its bulk 1090 00:23:11,909 --> 00:23:11,919 was weak and had lost its bulk 1091 00:23:11,919 --> 00:23:13,590 was weak and had lost its bulk the same is true for people who've been 1092 00:23:13,590 --> 00:23:13,600 the same is true for people who've been 1093 00:23:13,600 --> 00:23:15,669 the same is true for people who've been confined to a bed for a long time and 1094 00:23:15,669 --> 00:23:15,679 confined to a bed for a long time and 1095 00:23:15,679 --> 00:23:18,230 confined to a bed for a long time and could not use their muscles 1096 00:23:18,230 --> 00:23:18,240 could not use their muscles 1097 00:23:18,240 --> 00:23:19,830 could not use their muscles in space we work our muscles on 1098 00:23:19,830 --> 00:23:19,840 in space we work our muscles on 1099 00:23:19,840 --> 00:23:22,310 in space we work our muscles on treadmills and exercise bikes but the 1100 00:23:22,310 --> 00:23:22,320 treadmills and exercise bikes but the 1101 00:23:22,320 --> 00:23:24,070 treadmills and exercise bikes but the results still aren't the same as they 1102 00:23:24,070 --> 00:23:24,080 results still aren't the same as they 1103 00:23:24,080 --> 00:23:25,990 results still aren't the same as they are on earth 1104 00:23:25,990 --> 00:23:26,000 are on earth 1105 00:23:26,000 --> 00:23:27,590 are on earth imagine that every day we lift the 1106 00:23:27,590 --> 00:23:27,600 imagine that every day we lift the 1107 00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:33,669 imagine that every day we lift the barbell that weighs 100 pounds 1108 00:23:33,669 --> 00:23:33,679 1109 00:23:33,679 --> 00:23:36,070 then one day we go on a trip it lasts a 1110 00:23:36,070 --> 00:23:36,080 then one day we go on a trip it lasts a 1111 00:23:36,080 --> 00:23:37,750 then one day we go on a trip it lasts a month and we only have a 40 pound 1112 00:23:37,750 --> 00:23:37,760 month and we only have a 40 pound 1113 00:23:37,760 --> 00:23:43,190 month and we only have a 40 pound barbell to take with it 1114 00:23:43,190 --> 00:23:43,200 1115 00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:45,110 even though we lift the 40-pound barbell 1116 00:23:45,110 --> 00:23:45,120 even though we lift the 40-pound barbell 1117 00:23:45,120 --> 00:23:46,149 even though we lift the 40-pound barbell every day 1118 00:23:46,149 --> 00:23:46,159 every day 1119 00:23:46,159 --> 00:23:47,990 every day the 100-pound barbell is going to be 1120 00:23:47,990 --> 00:23:48,000 the 100-pound barbell is going to be 1121 00:23:48,000 --> 00:23:49,510 the 100-pound barbell is going to be hard to lift when we return from our 1122 00:23:49,510 --> 00:23:49,520 hard to lift when we return from our 1123 00:23:49,520 --> 00:23:50,470 hard to lift when we return from our trip 1124 00:23:50,470 --> 00:23:50,480 trip 1125 00:23:50,480 --> 00:23:53,909 trip the same is true about space flight 1126 00:23:53,909 --> 00:23:53,919 the same is true about space flight 1127 00:23:53,919 --> 00:23:55,909 the same is true about space flight even though we exercise in space we're 1128 00:23:55,909 --> 00:23:55,919 even though we exercise in space we're 1129 00:23:55,919 --> 00:23:59,590 even though we exercise in space we're going to be weaker when we return 1130 00:23:59,590 --> 00:23:59,600 1131 00:23:59,600 --> 00:24:00,950 depending on how long we've been in 1132 00:24:00,950 --> 00:24:00,960 depending on how long we've been in 1133 00:24:00,960 --> 00:24:02,710 depending on how long we've been in space it may take us weeks or even 1134 00:24:02,710 --> 00:24:02,720 space it may take us weeks or even 1135 00:24:02,720 --> 00:24:04,149 space it may take us weeks or even months to regain the strength in our 1136 00:24:04,149 --> 00:24:04,159 months to regain the strength in our 1137 00:24:04,159 --> 00:24:06,630 months to regain the strength in our muscles that we've lost 1138 00:24:06,630 --> 00:24:06,640 muscles that we've lost 1139 00:24:06,640 --> 00:24:08,310 muscles that we've lost it could be even worse for astronauts 1140 00:24:08,310 --> 00:24:08,320 it could be even worse for astronauts 1141 00:24:08,320 --> 00:24:09,750 it could be even worse for astronauts who will someday live on the space 1142 00:24:09,750 --> 00:24:09,760 who will someday live on the space 1143 00:24:09,760 --> 00:24:11,909 who will someday live on the space station or at lunar bases 1144 00:24:11,909 --> 00:24:11,919 station or at lunar bases 1145 00:24:11,919 --> 00:24:13,590 station or at lunar bases not to mention a trip to mars it could 1146 00:24:13,590 --> 00:24:13,600 not to mention a trip to mars it could 1147 00:24:13,600 --> 00:24:15,350 not to mention a trip to mars it could last a year or more 1148 00:24:15,350 --> 00:24:15,360 last a year or more 1149 00:24:15,360 --> 00:24:16,789 last a year or more mussels aren't the only parts of our 1150 00:24:16,789 --> 00:24:16,799 mussels aren't the only parts of our 1151 00:24:16,799 --> 00:24:19,190 mussels aren't the only parts of our bodies that suffer during space flight 1152 00:24:19,190 --> 00:24:19,200 bodies that suffer during space flight 1153 00:24:19,200 --> 00:24:21,110 bodies that suffer during space flight weightlessness also causes our bones to 1154 00:24:21,110 --> 00:24:21,120 weightlessness also causes our bones to 1155 00:24:21,120 --> 00:24:23,830 weightlessness also causes our bones to lose the minerals calcium and phosphorus 1156 00:24:23,830 --> 00:24:23,840 lose the minerals calcium and phosphorus 1157 00:24:23,840 --> 00:24:25,510 lose the minerals calcium and phosphorus many of us don't think of our bones as 1158 00:24:25,510 --> 00:24:25,520 many of us don't think of our bones as 1159 00:24:25,520 --> 00:24:27,590 many of us don't think of our bones as being alive but they are really very 1160 00:24:27,590 --> 00:24:27,600 being alive but they are really very 1161 00:24:27,600 --> 00:24:29,909 being alive but they are really very active 1162 00:24:29,909 --> 00:24:29,919 active 1163 00:24:29,919 --> 00:24:32,110 active in our bone are two types of cells 1164 00:24:32,110 --> 00:24:32,120 in our bone are two types of cells 1165 00:24:32,120 --> 00:24:34,710 in our bone are two types of cells osteoclasts which get rid of old bone 1166 00:24:34,710 --> 00:24:34,720 osteoclasts which get rid of old bone 1167 00:24:34,720 --> 00:24:35,909 osteoclasts which get rid of old bone matter 1168 00:24:35,909 --> 00:24:35,919 matter 1169 00:24:35,919 --> 00:24:41,110 matter and osteoblasts which build new bone 1170 00:24:41,110 --> 00:24:41,120 1171 00:24:41,120 --> 00:24:42,630 because of the activity of these two 1172 00:24:42,630 --> 00:24:42,640 because of the activity of these two 1173 00:24:42,640 --> 00:24:44,310 because of the activity of these two types of cells our bones are in a 1174 00:24:44,310 --> 00:24:44,320 types of cells our bones are in a 1175 00:24:44,320 --> 00:24:45,750 types of cells our bones are in a constant state of tearing down and 1176 00:24:45,750 --> 00:24:45,760 constant state of tearing down and 1177 00:24:45,760 --> 00:24:47,510 constant state of tearing down and rebuilding 1178 00:24:47,510 --> 00:24:47,520 rebuilding 1179 00:24:47,520 --> 00:24:49,269 rebuilding the balance of these cells seems to be 1180 00:24:49,269 --> 00:24:49,279 the balance of these cells seems to be 1181 00:24:49,279 --> 00:24:50,630 the balance of these cells seems to be tipped slightly in favor of the 1182 00:24:50,630 --> 00:24:50,640 tipped slightly in favor of the 1183 00:24:50,640 --> 00:24:52,950 tipped slightly in favor of the osteoblast cells that's why our bones 1184 00:24:52,950 --> 00:24:52,960 osteoblast cells that's why our bones 1185 00:24:52,960 --> 00:24:55,269 osteoblast cells that's why our bones grow stronger 1186 00:24:55,269 --> 00:24:55,279 grow stronger 1187 00:24:55,279 --> 00:24:56,870 grow stronger but what happens in space is still 1188 00:24:56,870 --> 00:24:56,880 but what happens in space is still 1189 00:24:56,880 --> 00:24:58,870 but what happens in space is still somewhat of a mystery 1190 00:24:58,870 --> 00:24:58,880 somewhat of a mystery 1191 00:24:58,880 --> 00:25:00,310 somewhat of a mystery since there is no weight to bear in 1192 00:25:00,310 --> 00:25:00,320 since there is no weight to bear in 1193 00:25:00,320 --> 00:25:02,230 since there is no weight to bear in space then there is no stress on our 1194 00:25:02,230 --> 00:25:02,240 space then there is no stress on our 1195 00:25:02,240 --> 00:25:03,909 space then there is no stress on our bones as they go through the rebuilding 1196 00:25:03,909 --> 00:25:03,919 bones as they go through the rebuilding 1197 00:25:03,919 --> 00:25:05,350 bones as they go through the rebuilding process 1198 00:25:05,350 --> 00:25:05,360 process 1199 00:25:05,360 --> 00:25:06,950 process this seems to affect the structural 1200 00:25:06,950 --> 00:25:06,960 this seems to affect the structural 1201 00:25:06,960 --> 00:25:08,870 this seems to affect the structural integrity of our bones 1202 00:25:08,870 --> 00:25:08,880 integrity of our bones 1203 00:25:08,880 --> 00:25:11,430 integrity of our bones bone density recovers but without stress 1204 00:25:11,430 --> 00:25:11,440 bone density recovers but without stress 1205 00:25:11,440 --> 00:25:14,149 bone density recovers but without stress they may not grow as strong 1206 00:25:14,149 --> 00:25:14,159 they may not grow as strong 1207 00:25:14,159 --> 00:25:15,830 they may not grow as strong the only way to prove this theory is to 1208 00:25:15,830 --> 00:25:15,840 the only way to prove this theory is to 1209 00:25:15,840 --> 00:25:17,990 the only way to prove this theory is to test some of our bones for strength 1210 00:25:17,990 --> 00:25:18,000 test some of our bones for strength 1211 00:25:18,000 --> 00:25:19,750 test some of our bones for strength and the only way to do that is to remove 1212 00:25:19,750 --> 00:25:19,760 and the only way to do that is to remove 1213 00:25:19,760 --> 00:25:20,789 and the only way to do that is to remove the bone 1214 00:25:20,789 --> 00:25:20,799 the bone 1215 00:25:20,799 --> 00:25:24,390 the bone and so far we've had no volunteers 1216 00:25:24,390 --> 00:25:24,400 and so far we've had no volunteers 1217 00:25:24,400 --> 00:25:26,630 and so far we've had no volunteers so nasa is working on ways to study bone 1218 00:25:26,630 --> 00:25:26,640 so nasa is working on ways to study bone 1219 00:25:26,640 --> 00:25:29,269 so nasa is working on ways to study bone strength without removing the bone 1220 00:25:29,269 --> 00:25:29,279 strength without removing the bone 1221 00:25:29,279 --> 00:25:31,029 strength without removing the bone finding a way to test bone strength is 1222 00:25:31,029 --> 00:25:31,039 finding a way to test bone strength is 1223 00:25:31,039 --> 00:25:32,470 finding a way to test bone strength is going to help us to treat elderly 1224 00:25:32,470 --> 00:25:32,480 going to help us to treat elderly 1225 00:25:32,480 --> 00:25:34,310 going to help us to treat elderly patients who have a common bone problem 1226 00:25:34,310 --> 00:25:34,320 patients who have a common bone problem 1227 00:25:34,320 --> 00:25:37,190 patients who have a common bone problem known as osteoporosis 1228 00:25:37,190 --> 00:25:37,200 known as osteoporosis 1229 00:25:37,200 --> 00:25:39,590 known as osteoporosis here on sls 1 we're going to measure the 1230 00:25:39,590 --> 00:25:39,600 here on sls 1 we're going to measure the 1231 00:25:39,600 --> 00:25:41,830 here on sls 1 we're going to measure the level of calcium producing hormones and 1232 00:25:41,830 --> 00:25:41,840 level of calcium producing hormones and 1233 00:25:41,840 --> 00:25:43,750 level of calcium producing hormones and compare them directly to the uptake and 1234 00:25:43,750 --> 00:25:43,760 compare them directly to the uptake and 1235 00:25:43,760 --> 00:25:46,070 compare them directly to the uptake and release of calcium in the body 1236 00:25:46,070 --> 00:25:46,080 release of calcium in the body 1237 00:25:46,080 --> 00:25:47,590 release of calcium in the body it will be the first time that this has 1238 00:25:47,590 --> 00:25:47,600 it will be the first time that this has 1239 00:25:47,600 --> 00:26:02,390 it will be the first time that this has been done in the weightlessness of space 1240 00:26:02,390 --> 00:26:02,400 1241 00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:05,430 it's a spectacular view out the window 1242 00:26:05,430 --> 00:26:05,440 it's a spectacular view out the window 1243 00:26:05,440 --> 00:26:08,149 it's a spectacular view out the window but most of the time looking outside 1244 00:26:08,149 --> 00:26:08,159 but most of the time looking outside 1245 00:26:08,159 --> 00:26:10,310 but most of the time looking outside doesn't tell us if we're flying the way 1246 00:26:10,310 --> 00:26:10,320 doesn't tell us if we're flying the way 1247 00:26:10,320 --> 00:26:12,789 doesn't tell us if we're flying the way we should 1248 00:26:12,789 --> 00:26:12,799 we should 1249 00:26:12,799 --> 00:26:14,070 we should since there aren't a lot of visual 1250 00:26:14,070 --> 00:26:14,080 since there aren't a lot of visual 1251 00:26:14,080 --> 00:26:16,070 since there aren't a lot of visual references in space 1252 00:26:16,070 --> 00:26:16,080 references in space 1253 00:26:16,080 --> 00:26:18,230 references in space the shuttle has a guidance system that 1254 00:26:18,230 --> 00:26:18,240 the shuttle has a guidance system that 1255 00:26:18,240 --> 00:26:22,470 the shuttle has a guidance system that helps keep us in the proper position 1256 00:26:22,470 --> 00:26:22,480 1257 00:26:22,480 --> 00:26:24,310 we have a guidance system in our bodies 1258 00:26:24,310 --> 00:26:24,320 we have a guidance system in our bodies 1259 00:26:24,320 --> 00:26:26,149 we have a guidance system in our bodies too 1260 00:26:26,149 --> 00:26:26,159 too 1261 00:26:26,159 --> 00:26:28,549 too it's called the neurovestibular system 1262 00:26:28,549 --> 00:26:28,559 it's called the neurovestibular system 1263 00:26:28,559 --> 00:26:30,149 it's called the neurovestibular system and it's what keeps our bodies in the 1264 00:26:30,149 --> 00:26:30,159 and it's what keeps our bodies in the 1265 00:26:30,159 --> 00:26:32,310 and it's what keeps our bodies in the proper orientation on earth 1266 00:26:32,310 --> 00:26:32,320 proper orientation on earth 1267 00:26:32,320 --> 00:26:34,230 proper orientation on earth the neurovestibular system is very 1268 00:26:34,230 --> 00:26:34,240 the neurovestibular system is very 1269 00:26:34,240 --> 00:26:36,230 the neurovestibular system is very sensitive to gravity 1270 00:26:36,230 --> 00:26:36,240 sensitive to gravity 1271 00:26:36,240 --> 00:26:39,510 sensitive to gravity in fact it's gravity that makes it work 1272 00:26:39,510 --> 00:26:39,520 in fact it's gravity that makes it work 1273 00:26:39,520 --> 00:26:41,510 in fact it's gravity that makes it work deep inside our inner ear 1274 00:26:41,510 --> 00:26:41,520 deep inside our inner ear 1275 00:26:41,520 --> 00:26:43,909 deep inside our inner ear in the vestibular organ 1276 00:26:43,909 --> 00:26:43,919 in the vestibular organ 1277 00:26:43,919 --> 00:26:47,190 in the vestibular organ are thousands of tiny hairs 1278 00:26:47,190 --> 00:26:47,200 are thousands of tiny hairs 1279 00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:49,269 are thousands of tiny hairs resting on top of these hairs are 1280 00:26:49,269 --> 00:26:49,279 resting on top of these hairs are 1281 00:26:49,279 --> 00:26:52,230 resting on top of these hairs are microscopic clumps of crystals called 1282 00:26:52,230 --> 00:26:52,240 microscopic clumps of crystals called 1283 00:26:52,240 --> 00:26:54,470 microscopic clumps of crystals called otoliths 1284 00:26:54,470 --> 00:26:54,480 otoliths 1285 00:26:54,480 --> 00:26:56,789 otoliths on earth gravity pulls the otoliths in 1286 00:26:56,789 --> 00:26:56,799 on earth gravity pulls the otoliths in 1287 00:26:56,799 --> 00:26:58,470 on earth gravity pulls the otoliths in different directions according to the 1288 00:26:58,470 --> 00:26:58,480 different directions according to the 1289 00:26:58,480 --> 00:27:01,510 different directions according to the type of activity we're doing 1290 00:27:01,510 --> 00:27:01,520 type of activity we're doing 1291 00:27:01,520 --> 00:27:03,750 type of activity we're doing this in turn bends the tiny hairs 1292 00:27:03,750 --> 00:27:03,760 this in turn bends the tiny hairs 1293 00:27:03,760 --> 00:27:05,830 this in turn bends the tiny hairs sending messages that tell the brain 1294 00:27:05,830 --> 00:27:05,840 sending messages that tell the brain 1295 00:27:05,840 --> 00:27:09,190 sending messages that tell the brain before hanging upside down 1296 00:27:09,190 --> 00:27:09,200 before hanging upside down 1297 00:27:09,200 --> 00:27:11,669 before hanging upside down accelerating 1298 00:27:11,669 --> 00:27:11,679 accelerating 1299 00:27:11,679 --> 00:27:13,510 accelerating or any other sensation that has to do 1300 00:27:13,510 --> 00:27:13,520 or any other sensation that has to do 1301 00:27:13,520 --> 00:27:18,310 or any other sensation that has to do with body movement 1302 00:27:18,310 --> 00:27:18,320 1303 00:27:18,320 --> 00:27:20,549 the neural vestibular system also uses 1304 00:27:20,549 --> 00:27:20,559 the neural vestibular system also uses 1305 00:27:20,559 --> 00:27:22,630 the neural vestibular system also uses sensors in our muscles to determine 1306 00:27:22,630 --> 00:27:22,640 sensors in our muscles to determine 1307 00:27:22,640 --> 00:27:24,870 sensors in our muscles to determine sensations of motion or changes in 1308 00:27:24,870 --> 00:27:24,880 sensations of motion or changes in 1309 00:27:24,880 --> 00:27:30,310 sensations of motion or changes in position 1310 00:27:30,310 --> 00:27:30,320 1311 00:27:30,320 --> 00:27:32,870 but most of all it relies on our eyes 1312 00:27:32,870 --> 00:27:32,880 but most of all it relies on our eyes 1313 00:27:32,880 --> 00:27:34,390 but most of all it relies on our eyes we might even say that the neural 1314 00:27:34,390 --> 00:27:34,400 we might even say that the neural 1315 00:27:34,400 --> 00:27:36,870 we might even say that the neural vestibular system's main purpose is to 1316 00:27:36,870 --> 00:27:36,880 vestibular system's main purpose is to 1317 00:27:36,880 --> 00:27:40,710 vestibular system's main purpose is to create a stable platform for our eyes 1318 00:27:40,710 --> 00:27:40,720 create a stable platform for our eyes 1319 00:27:40,720 --> 00:27:42,870 create a stable platform for our eyes when our eyes can't lock onto what we're 1320 00:27:42,870 --> 00:27:42,880 when our eyes can't lock onto what we're 1321 00:27:42,880 --> 00:27:44,070 when our eyes can't lock onto what we're looking at 1322 00:27:44,070 --> 00:27:44,080 looking at 1323 00:27:44,080 --> 00:27:45,909 looking at we can get a queasy feeling we call 1324 00:27:45,909 --> 00:27:45,919 we can get a queasy feeling we call 1325 00:27:45,919 --> 00:27:47,669 we can get a queasy feeling we call motion sickness 1326 00:27:47,669 --> 00:27:47,679 motion sickness 1327 00:27:47,679 --> 00:27:49,510 motion sickness it's the same feeling some people get 1328 00:27:49,510 --> 00:27:49,520 it's the same feeling some people get 1329 00:27:49,520 --> 00:27:51,190 it's the same feeling some people get when they ride a wild ride at an 1330 00:27:51,190 --> 00:27:51,200 when they ride a wild ride at an 1331 00:27:51,200 --> 00:27:53,029 when they ride a wild ride at an amusement park 1332 00:27:53,029 --> 00:27:53,039 amusement park 1333 00:27:53,039 --> 00:27:55,590 amusement park everything rushes by in a blur 1334 00:27:55,590 --> 00:27:55,600 everything rushes by in a blur 1335 00:27:55,600 --> 00:27:57,269 everything rushes by in a blur and before long they think they might 1336 00:27:57,269 --> 00:27:57,279 and before long they think they might 1337 00:27:57,279 --> 00:27:59,029 and before long they think they might get a second look at the hot dog they 1338 00:27:59,029 --> 00:27:59,039 get a second look at the hot dog they 1339 00:27:59,039 --> 00:28:01,190 get a second look at the hot dog they just ate 1340 00:28:01,190 --> 00:28:01,200 just ate 1341 00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:03,029 just ate some of us who fly in space get a 1342 00:28:03,029 --> 00:28:03,039 some of us who fly in space get a 1343 00:28:03,039 --> 00:28:05,750 some of us who fly in space get a similar feeling we call it space motion 1344 00:28:05,750 --> 00:28:05,760 similar feeling we call it space motion 1345 00:28:05,760 --> 00:28:07,669 similar feeling we call it space motion sickness 1346 00:28:07,669 --> 00:28:07,679 sickness 1347 00:28:07,679 --> 00:28:09,350 sickness that doesn't mean riding the shuttle is 1348 00:28:09,350 --> 00:28:09,360 that doesn't mean riding the shuttle is 1349 00:28:09,360 --> 00:28:11,350 that doesn't mean riding the shuttle is like climbing aboard a tilt-a-wheel at a 1350 00:28:11,350 --> 00:28:11,360 like climbing aboard a tilt-a-wheel at a 1351 00:28:11,360 --> 00:28:12,549 like climbing aboard a tilt-a-wheel at a carnival 1352 00:28:12,549 --> 00:28:12,559 carnival 1353 00:28:12,559 --> 00:28:14,549 carnival but it does mean that space flight can 1354 00:28:14,549 --> 00:28:14,559 but it does mean that space flight can 1355 00:28:14,559 --> 00:28:17,029 but it does mean that space flight can confuse our neurovestibular system and 1356 00:28:17,029 --> 00:28:17,039 confuse our neurovestibular system and 1357 00:28:17,039 --> 00:28:19,350 confuse our neurovestibular system and disorient the visual references we rely 1358 00:28:19,350 --> 00:28:19,360 disorient the visual references we rely 1359 00:28:19,360 --> 00:28:20,950 disorient the visual references we rely on for stability 1360 00:28:20,950 --> 00:28:20,960 on for stability 1361 00:28:20,960 --> 00:28:22,950 on for stability there's a reason for this 1362 00:28:22,950 --> 00:28:22,960 there's a reason for this 1363 00:28:22,960 --> 00:28:25,269 there's a reason for this when we get into space gravity no longer 1364 00:28:25,269 --> 00:28:25,279 when we get into space gravity no longer 1365 00:28:25,279 --> 00:28:27,350 when we get into space gravity no longer pulls down on us the way we're used to 1366 00:28:27,350 --> 00:28:27,360 pulls down on us the way we're used to 1367 00:28:27,360 --> 00:28:28,470 pulls down on us the way we're used to on earth 1368 00:28:28,470 --> 00:28:28,480 on earth 1369 00:28:28,480 --> 00:28:30,870 on earth things start to float away and for all 1370 00:28:30,870 --> 00:28:30,880 things start to float away and for all 1371 00:28:30,880 --> 00:28:32,950 things start to float away and for all practical purposes 1372 00:28:32,950 --> 00:28:32,960 practical purposes 1373 00:28:32,960 --> 00:28:35,669 practical purposes objects become weightless 1374 00:28:35,669 --> 00:28:35,679 objects become weightless 1375 00:28:35,679 --> 00:28:37,350 objects become weightless in this environment the vestibular 1376 00:28:37,350 --> 00:28:37,360 in this environment the vestibular 1377 00:28:37,360 --> 00:28:39,110 in this environment the vestibular system functions differently than it 1378 00:28:39,110 --> 00:28:39,120 system functions differently than it 1379 00:28:39,120 --> 00:28:41,510 system functions differently than it does on earth and we no longer have a 1380 00:28:41,510 --> 00:28:41,520 does on earth and we no longer have a 1381 00:28:41,520 --> 00:28:43,590 does on earth and we no longer have a way to tell our brain what the right 1382 00:28:43,590 --> 00:28:43,600 way to tell our brain what the right 1383 00:28:43,600 --> 00:28:45,590 way to tell our brain what the right body position is 1384 00:28:45,590 --> 00:28:45,600 body position is 1385 00:28:45,600 --> 00:28:47,110 body position is without the vestibular system 1386 00:28:47,110 --> 00:28:47,120 without the vestibular system 1387 00:28:47,120 --> 00:28:49,269 without the vestibular system functioning the way we're used to 1388 00:28:49,269 --> 00:28:49,279 functioning the way we're used to 1389 00:28:49,279 --> 00:28:51,269 functioning the way we're used to some of us get confusing signals in our 1390 00:28:51,269 --> 00:28:51,279 some of us get confusing signals in our 1391 00:28:51,279 --> 00:28:52,630 some of us get confusing signals in our brain 1392 00:28:52,630 --> 00:28:52,640 brain 1393 00:28:52,640 --> 00:28:54,470 brain our eyes tell us that our feet are off 1394 00:28:54,470 --> 00:28:54,480 our eyes tell us that our feet are off 1395 00:28:54,480 --> 00:28:55,669 our eyes tell us that our feet are off the ground 1396 00:28:55,669 --> 00:28:55,679 the ground 1397 00:28:55,679 --> 00:28:57,830 the ground but our vestibular organ doesn't give us 1398 00:28:57,830 --> 00:28:57,840 but our vestibular organ doesn't give us 1399 00:28:57,840 --> 00:29:01,190 but our vestibular organ doesn't give us the sensation of falling that we expect 1400 00:29:01,190 --> 00:29:01,200 the sensation of falling that we expect 1401 00:29:01,200 --> 00:29:03,510 the sensation of falling that we expect usually after a few days in flight our 1402 00:29:03,510 --> 00:29:03,520 usually after a few days in flight our 1403 00:29:03,520 --> 00:29:05,669 usually after a few days in flight our bodies adjust to the weightlessness and 1404 00:29:05,669 --> 00:29:05,679 bodies adjust to the weightlessness and 1405 00:29:05,679 --> 00:29:12,230 bodies adjust to the weightlessness and the space motion sickness goes away 1406 00:29:12,230 --> 00:29:12,240 1407 00:29:12,240 --> 00:29:14,630 not everyone experiences space motion 1408 00:29:14,630 --> 00:29:14,640 not everyone experiences space motion 1409 00:29:14,640 --> 00:29:15,750 not everyone experiences space motion sickness 1410 00:29:15,750 --> 00:29:15,760 sickness 1411 00:29:15,760 --> 00:29:17,590 sickness and that's one of the medical mysteries 1412 00:29:17,590 --> 00:29:17,600 and that's one of the medical mysteries 1413 00:29:17,600 --> 00:29:21,029 and that's one of the medical mysteries we'd like to know more about 1414 00:29:21,029 --> 00:29:21,039 1415 00:29:21,039 --> 00:29:23,110 the reason is quite obvious 1416 00:29:23,110 --> 00:29:23,120 the reason is quite obvious 1417 00:29:23,120 --> 00:29:25,190 the reason is quite obvious imagine getting off a ride at a carnival 1418 00:29:25,190 --> 00:29:25,200 imagine getting off a ride at a carnival 1419 00:29:25,200 --> 00:29:27,269 imagine getting off a ride at a carnival and someone hands you an algebra book 1420 00:29:27,269 --> 00:29:27,279 and someone hands you an algebra book 1421 00:29:27,279 --> 00:29:30,310 and someone hands you an algebra book and tells you to work a few problems 1422 00:29:30,310 --> 00:29:30,320 and tells you to work a few problems 1423 00:29:30,320 --> 00:29:32,149 and tells you to work a few problems that's what it's like for an astronaut 1424 00:29:32,149 --> 00:29:32,159 that's what it's like for an astronaut 1425 00:29:32,159 --> 00:29:33,750 that's what it's like for an astronaut who's suffering from space motion 1426 00:29:33,750 --> 00:29:33,760 who's suffering from space motion 1427 00:29:33,760 --> 00:29:35,830 who's suffering from space motion sickness 1428 00:29:35,830 --> 00:29:35,840 sickness 1429 00:29:35,840 --> 00:29:37,830 sickness it's rather difficult to concentrate on 1430 00:29:37,830 --> 00:29:37,840 it's rather difficult to concentrate on 1431 00:29:37,840 --> 00:29:40,230 it's rather difficult to concentrate on an experiment if all you can think about 1432 00:29:40,230 --> 00:29:40,240 an experiment if all you can think about 1433 00:29:40,240 --> 00:29:42,630 an experiment if all you can think about is how sick you feel 1434 00:29:42,630 --> 00:29:42,640 is how sick you feel 1435 00:29:42,640 --> 00:29:44,950 is how sick you feel we want to have as much productive time 1436 00:29:44,950 --> 00:29:44,960 we want to have as much productive time 1437 00:29:44,960 --> 00:29:48,149 we want to have as much productive time as possible when we're in space 1438 00:29:48,149 --> 00:29:48,159 as possible when we're in space 1439 00:29:48,159 --> 00:29:49,830 as possible when we're in space so to help us learn more about the 1440 00:29:49,830 --> 00:29:49,840 so to help us learn more about the 1441 00:29:49,840 --> 00:29:52,549 so to help us learn more about the effects of space motion sickness and how 1442 00:29:52,549 --> 00:29:52,559 effects of space motion sickness and how 1443 00:29:52,559 --> 00:29:54,549 effects of space motion sickness and how to treat it we're going to do some 1444 00:29:54,549 --> 00:29:54,559 to treat it we're going to do some 1445 00:29:54,559 --> 00:29:58,070 to treat it we're going to do some experiments here on sls1 1446 00:29:58,070 --> 00:29:58,080 experiments here on sls1 1447 00:29:58,080 --> 00:30:00,070 experiments here on sls1 one of my favorite experiments involves 1448 00:30:00,070 --> 00:30:00,080 one of my favorite experiments involves 1449 00:30:00,080 --> 00:30:02,149 one of my favorite experiments involves this rotating dome 1450 00:30:02,149 --> 00:30:02,159 this rotating dome 1451 00:30:02,159 --> 00:30:04,470 this rotating dome what the dome does is to help us see how 1452 00:30:04,470 --> 00:30:04,480 what the dome does is to help us see how 1453 00:30:04,480 --> 00:30:06,830 what the dome does is to help us see how visual cues affect the way our body 1454 00:30:06,830 --> 00:30:06,840 visual cues affect the way our body 1455 00:30:06,840 --> 00:30:09,830 visual cues affect the way our body responds to do the experiment millie 1456 00:30:09,830 --> 00:30:09,840 responds to do the experiment millie 1457 00:30:09,840 --> 00:30:11,750 responds to do the experiment millie will put her head in the dome 1458 00:30:11,750 --> 00:30:11,760 will put her head in the dome 1459 00:30:11,760 --> 00:30:14,389 will put her head in the dome and look at the dots as they rotate 1460 00:30:14,389 --> 00:30:14,399 and look at the dots as they rotate 1461 00:30:14,399 --> 00:30:16,549 and look at the dots as they rotate her eyes naturally want to lock onto the 1462 00:30:16,549 --> 00:30:16,559 her eyes naturally want to lock onto the 1463 00:30:16,559 --> 00:30:17,909 her eyes naturally want to lock onto the dots 1464 00:30:17,909 --> 00:30:17,919 dots 1465 00:30:17,919 --> 00:30:20,470 dots this causes her body to want to keep up 1466 00:30:20,470 --> 00:30:20,480 this causes her body to want to keep up 1467 00:30:20,480 --> 00:30:23,590 this causes her body to want to keep up with her eyes and pretty soon her whole 1468 00:30:23,590 --> 00:30:23,600 with her eyes and pretty soon her whole 1469 00:30:23,600 --> 00:30:25,909 with her eyes and pretty soon her whole body will feel like it is turning 1470 00:30:25,909 --> 00:30:25,919 body will feel like it is turning 1471 00:30:25,919 --> 00:30:27,830 body will feel like it is turning but it really isn't 1472 00:30:27,830 --> 00:30:27,840 but it really isn't 1473 00:30:27,840 --> 00:30:29,590 but it really isn't a camera mounted in the dome is 1474 00:30:29,590 --> 00:30:29,600 a camera mounted in the dome is 1475 00:30:29,600 --> 00:30:32,630 a camera mounted in the dome is recording her eye reaction 1476 00:30:32,630 --> 00:30:32,640 recording her eye reaction 1477 00:30:32,640 --> 00:30:35,750 recording her eye reaction back on earth scientists will study this 1478 00:30:35,750 --> 00:30:35,760 back on earth scientists will study this 1479 00:30:35,760 --> 00:30:37,909 back on earth scientists will study this and other data we've collected to see if 1480 00:30:37,909 --> 00:30:37,919 and other data we've collected to see if 1481 00:30:37,919 --> 00:30:39,750 and other data we've collected to see if they can answer some of the questions 1482 00:30:39,750 --> 00:30:39,760 they can answer some of the questions 1483 00:30:39,760 --> 00:30:41,669 they can answer some of the questions about how our neuro vestibular system 1484 00:30:41,669 --> 00:30:41,679 about how our neuro vestibular system 1485 00:30:41,679 --> 00:30:44,149 about how our neuro vestibular system works and why we get space motion 1486 00:30:44,149 --> 00:30:44,159 works and why we get space motion 1487 00:30:44,159 --> 00:30:45,669 works and why we get space motion sickness 1488 00:30:45,669 --> 00:30:45,679 sickness 1489 00:30:45,679 --> 00:30:47,110 sickness i'll leave you with a small bit of 1490 00:30:47,110 --> 00:30:47,120 i'll leave you with a small bit of 1491 00:30:47,120 --> 00:30:48,070 i'll leave you with a small bit of advice 1492 00:30:48,070 --> 00:30:48,080 advice 1493 00:30:48,080 --> 00:30:49,830 advice the next time you're on a roller coaster 1494 00:30:49,830 --> 00:30:49,840 the next time you're on a roller coaster 1495 00:30:49,840 --> 00:30:52,230 the next time you're on a roller coaster ride and you feel yourself getting sick 1496 00:30:52,230 --> 00:30:52,240 ride and you feel yourself getting sick 1497 00:30:52,240 --> 00:31:01,269 ride and you feel yourself getting sick just close your eyes 1498 00:31:01,269 --> 00:31:01,279 1499 00:31:01,279 --> 00:31:03,430 our body systems are so different from 1500 00:31:03,430 --> 00:31:03,440 our body systems are so different from 1501 00:31:03,440 --> 00:31:05,990 our body systems are so different from each other yet they all depend so much 1502 00:31:05,990 --> 00:31:06,000 each other yet they all depend so much 1503 00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:07,350 each other yet they all depend so much on each other 1504 00:31:07,350 --> 00:31:07,360 on each other 1505 00:31:07,360 --> 00:31:09,830 on each other they perform their jobs each day in a 1506 00:31:09,830 --> 00:31:09,840 they perform their jobs each day in a 1507 00:31:09,840 --> 00:31:13,590 they perform their jobs each day in a way that most of us never realize 1508 00:31:13,590 --> 00:31:13,600 way that most of us never realize 1509 00:31:13,600 --> 00:31:16,070 way that most of us never realize our goal at nasa is to enable the human 1510 00:31:16,070 --> 00:31:16,080 our goal at nasa is to enable the human 1511 00:31:16,080 --> 00:31:18,789 our goal at nasa is to enable the human exploration of space but to do that we 1512 00:31:18,789 --> 00:31:18,799 exploration of space but to do that we 1513 00:31:18,799 --> 00:31:20,710 exploration of space but to do that we have to understand how space affects our 1514 00:31:20,710 --> 00:31:20,720 have to understand how space affects our 1515 00:31:20,720 --> 00:31:21,990 have to understand how space affects our bodies 1516 00:31:21,990 --> 00:31:22,000 bodies 1517 00:31:22,000 --> 00:31:24,070 bodies space lab missions like this one are a 1518 00:31:24,070 --> 00:31:24,080 space lab missions like this one are a 1519 00:31:24,080 --> 00:31:26,549 space lab missions like this one are a step toward that goal but only a small 1520 00:31:26,549 --> 00:31:26,559 step toward that goal but only a small 1521 00:31:26,559 --> 00:31:29,269 step toward that goal but only a small step 1522 00:31:29,269 --> 00:31:29,279 1523 00:31:29,279 --> 00:31:31,669 orbiting laboratories will allow us even 1524 00:31:31,669 --> 00:31:31,679 orbiting laboratories will allow us even 1525 00:31:31,679 --> 00:31:33,350 orbiting laboratories will allow us even longer periods to investigate the 1526 00:31:33,350 --> 00:31:33,360 longer periods to investigate the 1527 00:31:33,360 --> 00:31:36,149 longer periods to investigate the mysteries of the human body 1528 00:31:36,149 --> 00:31:36,159 mysteries of the human body 1529 00:31:36,159 --> 00:31:38,070 mysteries of the human body hopefully the benefits of all 1530 00:31:38,070 --> 00:31:38,080 hopefully the benefits of all 1531 00:31:38,080 --> 00:31:40,470 hopefully the benefits of all space-based research may someday help 1532 00:31:40,470 --> 00:31:40,480 space-based research may someday help 1533 00:31:40,480 --> 00:31:42,789 space-based research may someday help solve the puzzles of such earthbound 1534 00:31:42,789 --> 00:31:42,799 solve the puzzles of such earthbound 1535 00:31:42,799 --> 00:31:46,070 solve the puzzles of such earthbound problems as heart disease emphysema 1536 00:31:46,070 --> 00:31:46,080 problems as heart disease emphysema 1537 00:31:46,080 --> 00:31:49,350 problems as heart disease emphysema osteoporosis and other disorders 1538 00:31:49,350 --> 00:31:49,360 osteoporosis and other disorders 1539 00:31:49,360 --> 00:31:51,830 osteoporosis and other disorders the possibilities are as limitless as 1540 00:31:51,830 --> 00:31:51,840 the possibilities are as limitless as 1541 00:31:51,840 --> 00:31:56,470 the possibilities are as limitless as the stars themselves 1542 00:31:56,470 --> 00:31:56,480 1543 00:31:56,480 --> 00:31:59,110 spacecraft life sciences one has been a 1544 00:31:59,110 --> 00:31:59,120 spacecraft life sciences one has been a 1545 00:31:59,120 --> 00:32:01,110 spacecraft life sciences one has been a valuable learning experience for all of 1546 00:32:01,110 --> 00:32:01,120 valuable learning experience for all of 1547 00:32:01,120 --> 00:32:03,190 valuable learning experience for all of us we're really glad you could join us 1548 00:32:03,190 --> 00:32:03,200 us we're really glad you could join us 1549 00:32:03,200 --> 00:32:49,509 us we're really glad you could join us on this voyage of medical discovery 1550 00:32:49,509 --> 00:32:49,519 1551 00:32:49,519 --> 00:33:41,029 do 1552 00:33:41,029 --> 00:33:41,039 1553 00:33:41,039 --> 00:33:43,120 you